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. 2016 Dec 19;7:614. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00614

Figure 5.

Figure 5

In vitro toll-like receptor challenge on PBMCs: cytokine/chemokine release. 12 different analytes were measured from PBMCs supernatant of 5 HIV-negative healthy controls (white bars), 5 HIV+ untreated subjects (gray bars), and 11 HIV + combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) subjects (black bars) following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ssRNA, respectively. The figure depicts only cytokines/chemokines with a detectable production following LPS (A) and ssRNA (B) stimulation. Data shown as a fold change: (LPS-/ssRNA-stimulated cytokine value)/(unstimulated cytokine value). (A) LPS: PBMCs from untreated HIV+ produced significantly highest IL-23 (p = 0.016); PBMCs from cART-treated released higher TNF-α (p = 0.014), IL-6 (p = 0.034), IL-1b, and CCL-20 (p = 0.093) versus HIV+ untreated, lower than HIV-neg controls. (B) ssRNA: PBMCs from both HIV+ untreated and cART produced highest CD14 (p = 0.014), whereas HIV+ untreated patients released highest IL-23 (p = 0.0008). HIV + cART-treated patients tended to release higher TNF-α (p = 0.015), IFN-γ (p = 0.164), IL-6 (p = 0.067), and CCL-20 (p = 0.113) versus HIV+ untreated patients, lower, however, than uninfected controls.