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. 2016 Dec 19;7:614. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00614

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Copyright © 2016 Merlini, Tincati, Biasin, Saulle, Cazzaniga, d’Arminio Monforte, Cappione, Snyder-Cappione, Clerici and Marchetti.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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In vitro toll-like receptor challenge on PBMCs: cytokine/chemokine release in Full Responders (FRs) and Immunological Non-Responders (INRs). The 25 different analytes were measured from PBMCs supernatant of 5 INR and 6 FR patients following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ssRNA stimulation, respectively. The figure depicts only cytokines/chemokines with a detectable production following LPS (A) and ssRNA (B) stimulation. Data shown as a fold change: (LPS-/ssRNA-stimulated cytokine value)/(unstimulated cytokine value). (A) Each plot represents one individual, with the donor number noted at the top. In particular patient#1 is representative of FR group, whereas patient#2 is representative of INR group. The limits of detection of each analyte are shown in gray bars. (B,C) Data shown as a fold change: (LPS-/ssRNA-stimulated cytokine value)/(unstimulated cytokine value). (B) No significant differences in cytokine released between FRs and INRs after LPS exposure. (C) No major differences in cytokine release after ssRNA exposure.