Table 2.
Association of CBCL scores at preschool age with infant, maternal, and household characteristics: categorical variables.
| Total |
Total problem score |
Externalizing score |
Internalizing score |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | Mean | SD | p-Valuea | Mean | SD | p-Valuea | Mean | SD | p-Valuea | |
| Children characteristics | |||||||||||
| Gender | 0.082 | 0.004 | 0.381 | ||||||||
| Male | 173 | 55.81 | 48.87 | 10.31 | 48.05 | 10.07 | 50.05 | 10.86 | |||
| Female | 137 | 44.19 | 46.86 | 9.74 | 44.96 | 8.50 | 48.94 | 11.31 | |||
| Neonatal hospital attendance | 0.028 | 0.117 | 0.047 | ||||||||
| Yes | 24 | 8.00 | 52.04 | 12.93 | 49.33 | 10.52 | 53.58 | 12.93 | |||
| No | 276 | 92.00 | 47.36 | 9.68 | 46.19 | 9.28 | 48.92 | 10.80 | |||
| Breastfeeding at 6 months | 0.121 | 0.034 | 0.165 | ||||||||
| <6 months | 150 | 48.54 | 47.07 | 9.83 | 45.73 | 9.08 | * | 48.64 | 11.11 | ||
| >6 months | 123 | 39.81 | 48.06 | 9.46 | 46.55 | 9.09 | 49.71 | 10.59 | |||
| no breastfeeding | 36 | 11.65 | 50.92 | 12.82 | 50.31 | 11.68 | * | 52.53 | 12.39 | ||
| Negative life event | 0.013 | 0.056 | 0.019 | ||||||||
| Less than 3 | 267 | 86.41 | 47.38 | 9.76 | 46.22 | 9.27 | 48.97 | 10.92 | |||
| More than 3 | 42 | 13.59 | 51.55 | 11.49 | 49.24 | 10.56 | 53.29 | 11.46 | |||
| Socioeconomics characteristics | |||||||||||
| Monthly income | 0.001 | 0.054 | 0.006 | ||||||||
| <2,000 euro | 38 | 12.67 | 52.70 | 11.92 | 49.22 | 10.21 | 54.14 | 11.97 | |||
| ≥2,000 euro | 262 | 87.33 | 47.06 | 9.71 | 46.02 | 9.31 | 48.71 | 10.92 | |||
| Mother education level | <0.0001* | 0.001* | <0.0001* | ||||||||
| No/primary | 10 | 3.28 | 52.20 | 11.32 | 51.60 | 10.75 | 53.90 | 9.85 | |||
| Lower high school | 22 | 7.21 | 56.90 | 10.50 | 51.76 | 9.20 | 58.62 | 10.53 | |||
| Upper high school | 50 | 16.39 | 51.14 | 8.75 | 49.20 | 7.17 | 52.59 | 9.99 | |||
| University or higher | 223 | 73.11 | 46.10 | 9.74 | 45.29 | 9.67 | 47.79 | 10.96 | |||
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||||||
| Delivery | 0.097 | 0.225 | 0.172 | ||||||||
| Normal | 234 | 75.73 | 47.19 | 10.06 | 46.11 | 9.47 | 48.73 | 11.13 | |||
| Cesarean | 43 | 13.92 | 49.16 | 8.91 | 46.95 | 8.76 | 51.86 | 9.93 | |||
| With vacuum | 31 | 10.03 | 51.65 | 11.57 | 49.65 | 10.23 | 52.16 | 12.01 | |||
| With forcepts | 1 | 0.32 | 43.00 | 40.00 | 45.00 | ||||||
| Parity—First child | 0.006 | 0.158 | 0.002 | ||||||||
| Yes | 132 | 42.72 | 49.77 | 9.48 | 47.52 | 9.00 | 51.78 | 10.29 | |||
| No | 177 | 57.28 | 46.55 | 10.38 | 45.98 | 9.78 | 47.78 | 11.39 | |||
| Previous miscarriage | 0.012 | 0.026 | 0.150 | ||||||||
| Yes | 76 | 24.68 | 50.35 | 11.76 | 48.65 | 10.18 | 51.01 | 12.78 | |||
| No | 232 | 75.32 | 47.00 | 9.37 | 45.84 | 9.15 | 48.89 | 10.43 | |||
| Smoking during pregnancy | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||||
| ≥ 10 cigarettes/day | 6 | 1.94 | 62.83 | 14.16 | 59.00 | 12.41 | 64.33 | 11.04 | |||
| <10 cigarettes/day or non-smoking | 304 | 98.06 | 47.69 | 9.81 | 46.44 | 9.32 | 49.27 | 10.87 | |||
| Alcohol during pregnancy | 0.356 | 0.786 | 0.168 | ||||||||
| Non-consumer | 209 | 68.08 | 48.26 | 9.98 | 46.69 | 9.14 | 50.08 | 10.91 | |||
| Still consuming | 98 | 31.92 | 47.11 | 10.42 | 46.38 | 10.23 | 48.20 | 11.45 | |||
| Mother social support | 0.019 | 0.098 | 0.133 | ||||||||
| 3 or less | 98 | 31.72 | 49.91 | 10.78 | 47.94 | 9.20 | 50.92 | 11.71 | |||
| 4 or more | 211 | 68.28 | 46.98 | 9.70 | 46.00 | 9.63 | 48.87 | 10.78 | |||
| Mother mental distress score | <0.0001 | 0.031 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Low (<4) | 259 | 88.10 | 47.16 | 9.83 | 46.17 | 9.36 | 48.86 | 10.87 | |||
| Elevated (>4) | 35 | 11.90 | 53.69 | 11.62 | 49.89 | 10.67 | 55.89 | 11.31 | |||
| Mother vitality Index | 0.085 | 0.023 | 0.570 | ||||||||
| Optimal vitality | 269 | 89.07 | 48.25 | 10.18 | 47.15 | 9.45 | 49.50 | 11.32 | |||
| Suboptimal vitality | 33 | 10.93 | 44.97 | 9.92 | 43.09 | 9.46 | 48.31 | 10.15 | |||
PsychoTSH study (N = 310), Belgium, 2008–2014.
A higher CBCL score is related to higher developmental problems.
ap-Value from simple t-test or ANOVA.
*Significant with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing.
N, number of subject.
Statistically significant p-Values (p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.