Clinical bioinformatics	Bioinformatics mining and use of omics and other high-throughput data in a clinical setting, integrating various standardized and interoperable datasets, extracting valuable clinically useful medical knowledge from these data resources, and providing clinical-grade analyses or decision-support tools.
Clinical utility	The relevance and utility of an intervention in patient care; the likelihood that an intervention will improve patient outcomes [105].
Evidence-based medicine	The use of evidence from well-designed and well-conducted research (such as from meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials) to optimize decision-making in medicine [106].
Electronic health record (EHR)	Digital version of data pertaining to the health status of patients (such as medical and treatment histories), and allowing easy and secure information retrieval.
Incidentalome	Ensemble of abnormal secondary incidental findings.
Interoperability	Ability to exchange electronic information, based on implementation of standards, without special effort on the part of the user.
Metabolomics	The high-throughput identification and quantification of small-molecule metabolites or exogenous substances present in cells, tissues, biofluids, and organisms.
Microbiome	The collective genome of our indigenous microbes present in a biological specimen or organism.
P4 medicine	Acronym referring to predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory (P4) medicine, a systems approach that is proactive and individualized, with an emphasis not only on disease, but also on wellness [23].
Personalized medicine	Medical interventions tailored to a specific patient based on the individual characteristics of this patient and their inferred response or risk of disease.
Precision medicine	Precision medicine seeks to move away from symptom-based taxonomies towards the development of individualized care, to be achieved through the molecular characterization of individuals in a multi-layered patient-centered system, with customized medical interventions, taking into account a myriad of factors (such as the patient’s genome, environment, and lifestyle) that can influence development of disease or treatment response and thereby improve health (modified from [101]).
Quantified self	Self-monitoring and data acquisition on, among others, vital signs, behavior, and lifestyle, as a means to improve health and fitness.
Stratified medicine	While there may be subtle differences in the literal meanings of the terms “personalized medicine”, “precision medicine”, and “stratified medicine”, they usually refer to the same concept when applied in practice. Stratified medicine (mainly used in the UK) is more treatment-dependent, targeting it according to relevant (biological, clinical, and other) characteristics of subgroups of patients [107].
Systems medicine	Interdisciplinary study of the systems of the human body as part of an integrated whole, incorporating biochemical, physiological, and environment interactions [108].