Figure 4.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) CD4+ T cells can be regulated by tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) in a transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β‐dependent manner. CD4+ T cells (1 × 105 cells/well) from RA patients were co‐cultured with allogenic mature lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated dendritic cells (matDC) or tolDC (1 × 104 cells/well) from a healthy control in the absence or presence of 1 μM SB‐505124, a small molecule inhibitor of TGF‐βRI. Proliferation (left panel), measured using [3H]‐thymidine uptake, and interferon (IFN)‐γ production (right panel), measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were assessed at day 6; n = 18. Horizontal lines represent median values. **P < 0·01 and ***P < 0·0005 calculated with Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.