Fig 2. Confocal microscopy of biofilms after 24 hours of no exposure (left) or exposure (right) to direct current (DC).

S. aureus control (A) and 200 μA DC (B); S. epidermidis control (C) and 200 μA DC (D); P. aeruginosa control (E) and 200 μA DC (F). All images were taken at 60X magnification; a minimum of seven fields were observed. A representative field for each bacterial biofilm sample is shown.