Table 4.

Clinical trials of photobiomodulation (PBM) in acute responses (≤ 5 sessions) in exercises on treadmill

Reference	PBM parameters	Mode of irradiation	Muscle/exercise	Main findings
[50]	Cluster with 5 laser diodes 810 nm; Diode area 0.0364 cm2; 200 mW; 5.495 W/cm2; 6 J per diode (30 s), 164.85 J/cm2; 30 J per site of irradiation: 5 × 6 J 12 sites of irradiation Total delivered: 360 J	Contact Muscular pre-conditioning	2 sites of irradiaton on vastus medialis 2 sites on vastus lateralis 2 sites on rectus femoris 4 sites on hamstrings 2 sites on gastrocnemius Running on treadmill until exhaustion	RCT with 22 subjects (crossover study) PBM increased oxygen uptake PBM increased time of running PBM could prevent increases in LDH PBM could prevent increases in CK in blood PBM could prevent increases in lipid peroxidation
[51]	Array with 50 LEDs 850 nm; Diode area 0.2 cm2; 50 mW; 250 mW/cm2; 0.75 J per diode (15 s); 3.75 J/cm2; 37.5 J applied per muscle group: 50 × 0.75 J Sites of irradiation per limb Biceps brachii + triceps brachii External oblique + latissimus dorsi Quadríceps femoris, Hamstrings Tibialis anterior + peroneus longus Gastrocnemius + soleus Total delivered: 450 J	Contact Muscular pre-conditioning	Irradiation on whole biceps brachii and triceps brachii Whole external oblique and latissimus dorsi Whole quadríceps femoris Whole hamstrings Whole tibialis anterior Whole peroneus longus, gastrocnemius and soleus Running on treadmill until exhaustion	Case-control with 1 athlete (crossover study) PBM improved speed of muscular VO2 adaptation PBM decreased O2 deficit PBM increased the VO2 PBM increased time of running PBM decreased CK in blood PBM decreased lactate in urine PBM decreased alanine in urine
[52]	Cluster with: 4 laser diodes 905 nm; Diode area 0.44 cm2; 0.3125 mW; 0.71 mW/cm2; 4 LEDs 875 nm; Diode area 0.9 cm2; 17.5 mW; 19.44 mW/cm2; 4 LEDs 640 nm; Diode area 0.9 cm2; 15 mW; 16.66 mW/cm2; 30 J per site of irradiation: 228 s 17 sites of irradiation per limb Total delivered: 510 J	Contact Muscular pre-conditioning	3 sites of irradiation on vastus medialis 3 sites of irradiation on rectus femoris 3 sites of irradiation on vastus lateralis 3 sites of irradiation on biceps femoris 3 sites of irradiation on semitendinosus and semimembranosus 2 sites of irradiation on gastrocnemius Running on treadmill until exhaustion	20 subjects (crossover study) PBM increased distance covered PBM increased time to exhaustion PBM increased ventilatory rate PBM decreased dyspnea
[53]	Cluster with 104 LEDs 56 LEDs 660 nm; 10 mW; 50 mW/cm2; 1.5 J/cm2; 0.2 cm2 48 LEDs 850 nm; 30 mW; 150 mW/cm2; 4.5 J/cm2; 0.2 cm2 60 J per site of irradiation: 30 s 5 sites of irradiation per limb Total delivered: 300 J	Contact Muscular pre-conditioning	2 sites of irradiation on quadriceps femoris 2 sites of irradiation on biceps femoris 1 site of irradiation between gastrocnemius and soleus Running on treadmill until exhaustion	15 subjects (crossover study) No effect of PBM on maximal accumulated oxygen deficit No effect of PBM on aerobic metabolism No effect of PBM on glycolysis metabolism No effect of PBM on phosphagen metabolism No effect of PBM on time to exhaustion No effect of PBM on lactate levels No effect of PBM on perceived exertion No effect of PBM on heart rate