Table 2.
Economic and Social Problems at Age 38, Given Persistence of Cannabis Dependence From Ages 18–38, Among Respondents With No History of Cannabis Convictions (n=877) 1
| No cannabis
use (n=262) |
Cannabis use, no dependence (n=494) |
Dependence at one phase (n=64) |
Dependence at 2+
phases (n=34) |
Dependence at
3+ phases (n=23) |
Linear trend test 7,8 |
p | Linear trend test 7,9 |
p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SE
or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE
or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE
or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or
95% CI) |
Mean | (SE
or 95% CI) |
|||||
| Social mobility 2 |
0.21 | (0.09) | 0.01 | (0.07) | −0.22 | (0.18) | −0.15 | (0.26) | −0.83 | (0.31) | −3.00 | 0.003 | −2.85 | 0.005 |
| Financial difficulties 3,4 |
−0.21 | (0.06) | −0.13 | (0.04) | 0.43 | (0.12) | 0.71 | (0.16) | 0.66 | (0.19) | 7.59 | <0.0001 | 5.02 | <0.0001 |
| Antisocial behavior in workplace 4,5 |
−0.29 | (0.07) | −0.04 | (0.05) | 0.35 | (0.13) | 0.66 | (0.18) | 0.49 | (0.23) | 5.87 | <0.0001 | 4.32 | <0.0001 |
| Relationship conflict 4,6 |
−0.24 | (0.06) | −0.06 | (0.04) | 0.38 | (0.13) | 0.32 | (0.18) | 0.60 | (0.22) | 5.53 | <0.0001 | 3.58 | 0.0004 |
| Traffic convictions 3 |
0.3% | (0.0–2.0%) | 2.0% | (1.0–4.1%) | 6.9% | (2.6–18.3%) | 13.3% | (4.6–38.0%) | 3.4% | (0.4–26.6%) | 12.12 | 0.0005 | 2.84 | 0.09 |
Mean z-scores and proportions are estimated from crude linear or logistic regression models.
Change in social class, from childhood social class of origin to social class at age 38; not adjusted for parental socioeconomic status
Adjusted also for % of months in New Zealand from ages 32 to 38, as some Study members lived outside New Zealand for spells during this time period
Z-score
Restricted to Study members currently employed (n=735)
Restricted to Study members currently in a relationship (n=803)
All statistical tests are t-tests with an independent variable (i.e. number of waves with cannabis dependence) coded 0–5 and degrees of freedom n-1; except for traffic convictions, where Wald chi-square tests with 1 degree of freedom are used. All tests are obtained from regression models.
Adjusted for sex
Adjusted for sex, European ancestry, parental socioeconomic status, proportion of first-degree relatives with substance dependence, low childhood self-control, childhood IQ, adolescent psychopathology (major depressive disorder and conduct disorder), achievement orientation at age 18, living with partner or spouse at age 38, and number of children at age 38.