Table 3.
Economic and Social Problems at Age 38, Given Persistence of Cannabis Dependence From Ages 18–38, Controlling for Age of Cannabis Dependence Onset
| No cannabis
use (n=266) |
Cannabis use,
no dependence (n=508) |
Dependence at
one phase (n=86) |
Dependence at
2+ phases (n=44) |
Dependence at
3+ phases (n=43) |
Linear trend test6,7 |
p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
|||
| Crude Model | ||||||||||||
| Social mobility1 |
0.20 | (0.09) | −0.02 | (0.07) | −0.34 | (0.16) | −0.40 | (0.23) | −0.79 | (0.23) | −4.06 | <.001 |
| Financial difficulties2, 3 |
−0.20 | (0.06) | −0.11 | (0.04) | 0.40 | (0.10) | 0.78 | (0.14) | 0.86 | (0.14) | 10.03 | <.0001 |
| Antisocial behavior in workplace3, 4 |
−0.29 | (0.07) | −0.04 | (0.05) | 0.36 | (0.11) | 0.81 | (0.17) | 0.69 | (0.17) | 7.48 | <.0001 |
| Relationship conflict3, 5 |
−0.24 | (0.06) | −0.06 | (0.04) | 0.52 | (0.11) | 0.44 | (0.16) | 0.72 | 0.16 | 7.55 | <.0001 |
| Traffic convictions2 |
0.3% | (0.0–2.0%) | 2.4% | (1.3–4.4%) | 9.2% | (4.3–19.7%) | 19.8% | (8.8–45.0%) | 11.5% | (4.4–29.7%) | 27.53 | <.0001 |
| Crude Model, Controlling for Early Onset of Cannabis Dependence | ||||||||||||
| No cannabis
use (n=266) |
Cannabis use,
no dependence (n=508) |
Dependence at
one phase (n=78) |
Dependence at
2+ phases (n=41) |
Dependence at
3+ phases (n=41) |
Linear trend test6,7 |
p | ||||||
| Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
|||
| Social mobility1 |
0.18 | (0.09) | −0.04 | (0.07) | −0.18 | (0.17) | −0.29 | (0.25) | −0.57 | (0.27) | −2.34 | 0.02 |
| Financial difficulties2,3 |
−0.21 | (0.06) | −0.12 | (0.04) | 0.46 | (0.11) | 0.88 | (0.15) | 1.01 | (0.17) | 8.39 | <.0001 |
| Antisocial behavior in workplace3,4 |
−0.28 | (0.07) | −0.03 | (0.05) | 0.34 | (0.12) | 0.82 | (0.19) | 0.63 | (0.20) | 5.60 | <.0001 |
| Relationship conflict3,5 |
−0.24 | (0.06) | −0.06 | (0.05) | 0.47 | (0.12) | 0.45 | (0.18) | 0.81 | (0.19) | 6.05 | <.0001 |
| Traffic convictions2 |
0.2% | (0.0–1.9%) | 2.2% | (1.1–4.3%) | 7.3% | (3.0–18.0%) | 20.4% | (8.0–51.5%) | 12.0% | (3.9–36.9%) | 21.61 | <.0001 |
| Adjusted Model, Controlling for Early Onset of Cannabis Dependence | ||||||||||||
| No cannabis
use (n=228) |
Cannabis use,
no dependence (n=468) |
Dependence at
one phase (n=70) |
Dependence at
2+ phases (n=37) |
Dependence at
3+ phases (n=37) |
Linear trend test6,8 |
p | ||||||
| Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
Mean | (SE or 95% CI) |
|||
| Social mobility1 |
0.09 | (0.09) | −0.08 | (0.07) | 0.13 | (0.18) | −0.21 | (0.26) | −0.24 | (0.29) | −1.18 | 0.24 |
| Financial difficulties2,3 |
−0.15 | (0.06) | −0.07 | (0.04) | 0.32 | (0.11) | 0.54 | (0.15) | 0.79 | (0.17) | 5.35 | <.0001 |
| Antisocial behavior in workplace3,4 |
−0.20 | (0.07) | −0.01 | (0.05) | 0.19 | (0.13) | 0.55 | (0.20) | 0.39 | (0.22) | 3.69 | 0.0002 |
| Relationship conflict3,5 |
−0.18 | (0.07) | −0.04 | (0.05) | 0.35 | (0.12) | 0.21 | (0.19) | 0.48 | (0.20) | 3.58 | 0.0004 |
| Traffic convictions2 |
0.0% | (0.0–0.9%) | 0.1% | (0.2–1.7%) | 1.0% | (0.2–4.1%) | 3.8% | (0.8–17.3%) | 0.5% | (0.1–4.0%) | 3.83 | 0.050 |
Change in social class from childhood to age 38; not adjusted for parental socioeconomic status
Adjusted also for % of months in New Zealand from ages 32 to 38
Z-score (M=0; SD=1).
Restricted to respondents who were currently or formerly employed (N = 786 in crude model; N=773 adjusting for early onset of cannabis dependence; N=705 in adjusted model)
Restricted also to Study members currently in a relationship (N = 866 in crude model; N=854 adjusting for early onset of cannabis dependence; N=769 in adjusted model)
All statistical tests are t-tests with an independent variable (i.e. number of waves with cannabis dependence) coded 0–5 and degrees of freedom n-1; except for traffic convictions, where Wald chi-square tests with 1 degree of freedom are used. All tests are obtained from regression models.
Adjusted for sex
Adjusted for sex, European ancestry, parental socioeconomic status, proportion of first-degree relatives with substance dependence, low childhood self-control, childhood IQ, adolescent psychopathology (major depressive disorder and conduct disorder), achievement orientation at age 18, living with partner or spouse at age 38, and number of children at age 38.