Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Psychol Sci. 2016 Mar 22;4(6):1028–1046. doi: 10.1177/2167702616630958

Table 4.

Economic and Social Problems at Age 38, Given Persistence of Cannabis and Alcohol Dependence From Ages 18–38: A Comparative Analysis (n=947)1

No dependence
(n=774)		 Dependence at one phase
(n=86)		 Dependence at 2+ phases
(n=44)		 Dependence at 3+ phases
(n=43)		 Linear trend
test7 		p
Mean (SE or 95%
CI)		 Mean (SE or 95%
CI)		 Mean (SE or 95%
CI)		 Mean (SE or 95%
CI)
Cannabis dependence
Social
mobility2 		0.06 0.05 −0.34 0.16 −0.40 0.23 −0.79 0.23 −2.41 0.02
Financial
difficulties3,4 		−0.14 0.03 0.40 0.10 0.78 0.14 0.86 0.14 6.18 <0.0001
Antisocial
behavior in
workplace4,5 		−0.12 0.04 0.36 0.11 0.81 0.17 0.69 0.17 4.45 <0.0001
Relationship
conflict4,6 		−0.13 0.04 0.52 0.11 0.44 0.16 0.72 0.16 3.91 0.0001
Traffic
convictions3 		1.64% (0.90,2.99%) 9.35% (4.39,19.93%) 20.05% (8.87,45.31%) 11.62% (4.50,29.98%) 1.46 0.23
Alcohol dependence
No dependence
(n=619)		 Dependence at one phase
(n=185)		 Dependence at 2+ phases
(n=83)		 Dependence at 3+ phases
(n=60)
Social
mobility2 		0.07 0.06 −0.11 0.11 −0.33 0.16 −0.56 0.19 −1.69 0.09
Financial
difficulties3,4 		−0.14 0.04 0.16 0.07 0.15 0.10 0.66 0.12 3.86 0.0001
Antisocial
behavior in
workplace4,5 		−0.17 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.55 0.11 0.87 0.14 6.18 <.0001
Relationship
conflict4,6 		−0.18 0.04 0.18 0.08 0.26 0.11 0.92 0.14 6.07 <.0001
Traffic
convictions3 		1.40% (0.71,2.76%) 5.50% (2.80,10.81%) 10.82% (5.12,22.87%) 9.34% (3.88,22.49%) 5.16 0.02
1

Means are estimated from unadjusted models. Test-statistics and p-values are adjusted for sex, European ancestry, parental socioeconomic status, proportion of first-degree relatives with substance dependence, low childhood self-control, childhood IQ, adolescent psychopathology (major depressive disorder and conduct disorder), achievement orientation at age 18, living with partner or spouse at age 38, and number of children at age 38.

2

Change in social class from childhood to age 38; not adjusted for parental socioeconomic status

3

Adjusted also for % of months in New Zealand from ages 32 to 38

4

Z-score (M=0; SD=1).

5

Restricted to respondents who were currently or formerly employed (N = 786)

6

Restricted also to Study members currently in a relationship (N = 866)

7

All statistical tests are t-tests with an independent variable (i.e. number of waves with cannabis dependence) coded 0–5 and degrees of freedom n-1; except for traffic convictions, where Wald chi-square tests with 1 degree of freedom are used. All tests are obtained from regression models.