Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of 38,392 Women in the WHS According to Frequency of Tuna and Dark Fish Intakea
| Average frequency of tuna and dark fish intake | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Characteristics | <1 per month (n=6,939) | 1–3 times per month (n=12,332) | 1 per week (n=10,368) | >1 per week (n=8,753) | p-value |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 54.8 (7.3) | 54.5 (7.1) | 54.5 (7.0) | 54.8 (6.9) | 0.003 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 25.7 (5.0) | 26.0 (5.0) | 26.0 (5.0) | 26.3 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake, % | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 52.3 | 46.8 | 41.8 | 39.4 | |
| 1–3 drinks/month | 12.2 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 13.9 | |
| 1–6 drinks/week | 27.0 | 30.7 | 33.4 | 35.1 | |
| ≥1 drink/day | 8.6 | 9.6 | 11.3 | 11.6 | |
| Smoking, % | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 52.8 | 50.7 | 50.5 | 50.8 | |
| Past | 33.3 | 35.7 | 36.7 | 37.9 | |
| Current <15 cigarettes/day | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.7 | |
| Current ≥15 cigarettes/day | 9.2 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 6.7 | |
| Physical activity, % | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 43.3 | 41.6 | 36.5 | 31.5 | |
| <1 time/week | 18.5 | 20.6 | 19.6 | 20.2 | |
| 1–3 times/week | 27.5 | 28.3 | 33.4 | 35.8 | |
| ≥4 times/week | 10.7 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 12.5 | |
| Family history of myocardial infarction, % | 14.3 | 14.1 | 14.6 | 14.7 | |
| Baseline history of hypertension, % | 25.3 | 24.9 | 25.4 | 27.9 | <0.001 |
| Baseline history of high cholesterol, % | 28.1 | 29.0 | 29.3 | 31.5 | <0.001 |
| Baseline history of diabetes, % | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 0.07 |
| Oral contraceptive use, % | 69.3 | 69.1 | 70.0 | 69.1 | 0.50 |
| Use of HRT hormones, % | 0.28 | ||||
| Never | 49.1 | 50.7 | 49.8 | 49.6 | |
| Past | 9.3 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 8.9 | |
| Current | 41.7 | 40.1 | 41.3 | 41.5 | |
| Multivitamin use, % | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 14.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 13.3 | |
| Past | 56.0 | 58.9 | 58.3 | 55.7 | |
| Current | 29.0 | 28.4 | 28.9 | 31.1 | |
| Dietary fiber intake, g/day, mean (SD) | 18.8 (6.8) | 18.4 (5.8) | 19.0 (5.7) | 20.0 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Fruits and vegetables intake, servings/day, mean (SD) | 5.2 (3.1) | 5.4 (2.9) | 6.2 (3.0) | 7.5 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| trans fat intake, % energy, mean (SD) | 2.5 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.0 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fats, mean (SD) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mg, mean (SD) | 1,823 (384) | 1,866 (348) | 1,865 (325) | 1,898 (314) | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake, kJ/dayb, mean (SD) | 6,435 (2,113) | 6,874 (2,105) | 7,389 (3,092) | 8,150 (3,410) | <0.001 |
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05)
a
Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding; data were analyzed using ANOVA and chi-square tests for continuous variables and categorical variables respectively.
b
To convert total energy intake to kcal/day, divide values by 4.1868.
HRT, hormone replacement therapy; WHS, Women’s Health Study.