. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2016 Sep 16;52(1):10–19. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.07.020

Table 3.

HRs (95% CI) of Major CVD According to Quintiles of Energy-Adjusted PUFA Intake

	Quintiles of polyunsaturated fatty acids

	1	2	3	4	5	p for trend
Alpha-linolenic acid
Median intake, % energy	0.74	0.88	0.99	1.12	1.36
No. of cases	364	361	363	394	459
No. of participants	7,426	7,836	7,856	7,470	7,804
Events per participants	0.049	0.046	0.046	0.053	0.059
Person-years	137,869	146,522	146,457	138,918	143,794
Age-adjusted	1.00	0.93 (0.81–1.08)	0.91 (0.79–1.06)	1.00 (0.87–1.16)	1.09 0.95–1.25)	0.06
Multivariate 1^a	1.00	0.92 (0.80–1.06)	0.88 (0.76–1.02)	0.95 (0.82–1.09)	0.99 (0.87–1.14)	0.64
Multivariate 2^b	1.00	0.91 (0.79–1.06)	0.87 (0.75–1.01)	0.92 (0.80–1.07)	0.95 (0.82–1.11)	0.83
Marine omega-3 fatty acids^c
Median intake, % energy	0.06	0.11	0.16	0.25	0.40
No. of cases	409	387	344	404	397
No. of participants	7,876	7,886	6,916	8,120	7,594
Events per participants	0.052	0.049	0.050	0.050	0.052
Person-years	145,655	147,766	129,032	150,921	140,184
Age-adjusted	1.00	0.94 (0.82–1.08)	0.96 (0.83–1.11)	0.93 (0.81–1.07)	0.96 (0.84–1.10)	0.93
Multivariate 1^a	1.00	0.94 (0.82–1.08)	0.95 (0.82–1.09)	0.96 (0.84–1.11)	0.99 (0.86–1.13)	0.87
Multivariate 2^b	1.00	0.94 (0.82–1.08)	0.94 (0.82–1.09)	0.96 (0.84–1.11)	0.98 (0.85–1.13)	0.93

Hazard ratio was adjusted for randomized treatment, age, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, oral contraceptive use, use of hormones as defined under hormone replacement therapy, multivitamin use, family history of myocardial infarction, and baseline history of hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes.

Also adjusted for intakes of dietary fiber, fruits and vegetables, trans fat, ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat, and sodium.

Includes EPA + DHA fatty acids, but not α-linolenic acid.

CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.