Table 2.
Geographic, linguistic and socio-cultural distribution of major Indian-specific mtDNA haplogroups
| HAPLOGROUP FREQUENCY (95% CR FOR PROPORTION) | |||||||||||||||
| n | Mb | M2 | M3a | M4a | M6 | M18 | M25 | Rc | R5 | R6 | U2id | R2; U7; W | EEe | WEf | |
| India | 2544g | 65 (63.1–66.8) | 6.3 (5.4–7.3) | 2.2 (1.7–2.9) | 0.6 (.4–1) | 2.9 (2.3–3.6) | 2.1 (1.6–2.8) | 0.9 (.6–1.4) | 11.4 (10.2–12.7) | 2.2 (1.7–2.8) | 1.3 (.9–1.8) | 5.3 (4.5–6.2) | 3.4 (2.7–4.2) | 10.5 (9.4–11.8) | 12.1 (10.9–13.4) |
| Iran | 436 | 5.3 (3.6–7.8) | 0 (0–.8) | 0.5 (.1–1.6) | 0 (0–.8) | 0 (0–.8) | 0.2 (.1–1.3) | 0 (0–.8) | 3.2 (1.9–5.3) | 0.9 (.4–2.3) | 0 (0–.8) | 0.2 (.1–1.3) | 13.3 (10.4–16.8) | 3.9 (2.5–6.2) | 90.8 (87.7–93.2) |
| Socio-cultural affiliation (Indian data only) | |||||||||||||||
| Caste population | 1204 | 57.8 (54.9–60.5) | 5.1 (4–6.5) | 4.2 (3.2–5.5) | 1.1 (.6–1.8) | 3 (2.2–4.1) | 1.4 (.9–2.2) | 1.4 (.9–2.2) | 14.1 (12.3–16.2) | 3.3 (2.5–4.5) | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | 7.8 (6.4–9.5) | 4.8 (3.7–6.2) | 4 (3–5.2) | 17.1 (15.1–19.3) |
| Tribal population | 1332 | 71.5 (69–73.8) | 7.5 (6.2–9) | 0.5 (.2–1) | 0.2 (0–.5) | 2.7 (2–3.7) | 2.7 (2–3.7) | 0.5 (.2–1) | 8.9 (7.5–10.6) | 1.2 (.7–1.9) | 0.9 (.5–1.6) | 3 (2.2–4.1) | 2 (1.4–2.9) | 16.5 (14.6–18.6) | 7.5 (6.2–9) |
| Brahmins & Kshatriyas | 313 | 60.1 (54.5–65.3) | 1.9 (.9–4.1) | 5.1 (3.2–8.1) | 1 (.3–2.8) | 0.6 (.2–2.3) | 1 (.3–2.8) | 2.2 (1.1–4.5) | 14.7 (11.2–19.1) | 4.5 (2.7–7.4) | 1.3 (.5–3.2) | 6.4 (4.2–9.7) | 6.1 (3.9–9.3) | 3.5 (2–6.2) | 17.6 (13.8–22.2) |
| Other Castesh | 517 | 61.5 (57.2–65.6) | 6.2 (4.4–8.6) | 4.6 (3.1–6.8) | 1.2 (.5–2.5) | 2.9 (1.8–4.7) | 2.1 (1.2–3.8) | 0.8 (.3–2) | 12.6 (10–15.7) | 2.3 (1.3–4) | 1.5 (.8–3) | 7.4 (5.4–9.9) | 3.9 (2.5–5.9) | 1.7 (.1–1.4) | 16.6 (1.2–3.8) |
| Language groups of India | |||||||||||||||
| Indo-European | 963 | 57.5 (54.4–60.6) | 3.8 (2.8–5.3) | 4.5 (3.3–6) | 1.0 (.6–1.9) | 2.7 (1.9–3.9) | 1.1 (.6–2) | 1.6 (1–2.6) | 7.8 (6.3–9.7) | 2.5 (1.7–3.7) | 1.6 (1–2.6) | 7.1 (5.6–8.9) | 6.9 (5.4–8.6) | 4.0 (3–5.5) | 19.9 (17.5–22.6) |
| Dravidic | 1063 | 70.0 (67.2–72.7) | 10.8 (9.1–12.8) | 1.2 (.7–2.1) | 0.5 (.2–1.1) | 4.0 (2.9–5.3) | 1.4 (.9–2.3) | 0.5 (.2–1.1) | 8.9 (7.4–10.8) | 2.7 (1.9–3.9) | 1.4 (.9–2.3) | 5.9 (4.7–7.5) | 1.2 (.7–2.1) | 3.0 (2.1–4.2) | 8.8 (7.3–10.7) |
| Tibeto-Burman | 249 | 59.8 (53.6–65.7) | 0 (0–1.5) | 0.4 (.1–2.2) | 0 (0–1.5) | 1.6 (.7–4) | 1.2 (.4–3.5) | 1.2 (.4–3.5) | 0.8 (.2–2.9) | 1.2 (.4–3.5) | 0 (0–1.5) | 0.8 (.2–2.9) | 2.0 (.9–4.6) | 61.4 (55.3–67.3) | 3.2 (1.7–6.2) |
| Austro-Asiatic (Mundari) | 90 | 86.7 (78.1–92.2) | 2.2 (.7–7.7) | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–4) | 26.7 (18.6–36.7) | 0 (0–4) | 4.4 (1.8–10.9) | 0 (0–4) | 1.1 (.3–6) | 1.1 (.3–6) | 1.1 (.3–6) | 0 (0–4) | 1.1 (.3–6) |
| Indo-European i | 250 | 66.4 (60.3–72) | 8.0 (5.3–12) | 0.4 (.1–2.2) | 0.8 (.2–2.8) | 4.8 (2.8–8.2) | 1.6 (.6–4) | 0.4 (.1–2.2) | 8.8 (5.9–13) | 2.0 (.9–4.6) | 1.6 (.6–4) | 6.4 (4–10.1) | 4.0 (2.2–7.2) | 1.2 (.4–3.5) | 13.6 (9.9–18.4) |
| Indo-European j | 713 | 54.4 (50.7–58) | 2.4 (1.5–3.8) | 5.9 (4.4–7.9) | 1.1 (.6–2.2) | 2.0 (1.2–3.3) | 1.0 (.5–2) | 2.0 (1.2–3.3) | 7.4 (5.7–9.6) | 2.7 (1.7–4.1) | 1.5 (.9–2.7) | 7.3 (5.6–9.4) | 7.9 (6.1–10.1) | 5.0 (3.7–6.9) | 22.2 (19.3–25.4) |
| Indian States and Bangladesh (excluding tribal populations)k | |||||||||||||||
| Andhra Pradesh | 245 | 65.3 (59.1–71.0) | 7.7 (5–11.8) | 2.8 (1.4–5.7) | 1.6 (.6–4.1) | 3.3 (1.7–6.4) | 4.1 (2.3–7.4) | 0 (0–1.5) | 18 (13.7–23.2) | 4.1 (2.3–7.4) | 1.2 (.4–3.5) | 5.3 (3.2–8.9) | 2.4 (1.1–5.2) | 1.2 (.4–3.5) | 8.9 (6–13.2) |
| Bangladesh | 30 | 66.67 (48.6–80.8) | 9.96 (3.61–25.7) | 0 (.08–11.2) | 0 (.08–11.2) | 3.29 (.78–16.6) | 3.29 (.78–16.6) | 0 (.08–11.2) | 6.67 (2.04–21.4) | 0 (.08–11.2) | 0 (.08–11.2) | 6.67 (2.04–21.4) | 3.29 (.78–16.6) | 9.96 (3.61–25.7) | 6.67 (2.04–21.4) |
| Gujarat | 57 | 40.4 (28.6–53.4) | 5.3 (1.9–14.4) | 7 (2.9–16.7) | 1.8 (.4–9.2) | 1.8 (.4–9.2) | 1.8 (.4–9.2) | 0 (0–6.2) | 17.5 (9.9–29.4) | 5.3 (1.9–14.4) | 1.8 (.4–9.2) | 1.8 (.4–9.2) | 17.5 (9.9–29.4) | 5.3 (1.9–14.4) | 33.3 (22.5–46.3) |
| Karnataka | 47h | 55.3 (41.2–68.6) | 2.1 (.5–11.1) | 2.1 (.5–11.1) | 0 (.1–7.4) | 0 (.1–7.4) | 0 (.1–7.4) | 0 (.1–7.4) | 19.1 (10.5–32.6) | 6.4 (2.3–17.2) | 0 (.1–7.4) | 10.6 (4.7–22.7) | 6.4 (2.3–17.2) | 0 (.1–7.4) | 14.9 (7.5–27.8) |
| Kashmir | 19 | 26.3 (11.9–49.1) | 0 (.1–16.8) | 0 (.1–16.8) | 5.3 (1.2–24.9) | 10.5 (3.2–31.7) | 0 (.1–16.8) | 0 (.1–16.8) | 10.5 (3.2–31.7) | 0 (.1–16.8) | 5.3 (1.2–24.9) | 10.5 (3.2–31.7) | 5.3 (1.2–24.9) | 21.1 (8.7–43.7) | 31.6 (15.4–54.3) |
| Kerala | 100 | 54 (44.2–63.5) | 4 (1.6–9.8) | 0 (0–3.6) | 0 (0–3.6) | 0 (0–3.6) | 0 (0–3.6) | 5 (2.2–11.2) | 25 (17.6–34.3) | 9 (4.9–16.2) | 1 (.2–5.4) | 7 (3.5–13.8) | 1 (.2–5.4) | 4 (1.6–9.8) | 11 (6.3–18.7) |
| Maharashtra | 117 | 65 (55.9–73) | 3.4 (1.4–8.5) | 11.1 (6.6–18.1) | 0.9 (.2–4.6) | 0 (0–3.1) | 0 (0–3.1) | 5.1 (2.4–10.7) | 6.8 (3.5–12.9) | 0.9 (.2–4.6) | 0.9 (.2–4.6) | 4.3 (1.9–9.6) | 4.3 (1.9–9.6) | 5.1 (2.4–10.7) | 23.1 (16.4–31.5) |
| Punjab | 150 | 36 (28.8–44) | 0.7 (.2–3.6) | 4.7 (2.3–9.3) | 1.3 (.4–4.7) | 0.7 (.2–3.6) | 0 (0–2.4) | 2.7 (1.1–6.6) | 11.3 (7.2–17.4) | 0.7 (.2–3.6) | 0.7 (.2–3.6) | 7.3 (4.2–12.7) | 14 (9.4–20.5) | 5.3 (2.8–10.2) | 42.7 (35–50.7) |
| Rajasthan | 36 | 69.4 (53–82) | 0 (.1–9.5) | 13.9 (6.2–28.8) | 0 (.1–9.5) | 0 (.1–9.5) | 5.6 (1.7–18.2) | 0 (.1–9.5) | 22.2 (11.8–38.2) | 5.6 (1.7–18.2) | 2.8 (.7–14.2) | 2.8 (.7–14.2) | 5.6 (1.7–18.2) | 0 (.1–9.5) | 2.8 (.7–14.2) |
| Sri Lanka | 132 | 57.6 (49–65.7) | 6.8 (3.7–12.5) | 1.5 (.5–5.3) | 1.5 (.5–5.3) | 1.5 (.5–5.3) | 0.8 (.2–4.1) | 0 (0–2.7) | 12.9 (8.2–19.7) | 0.8 (.2–4.1) | 3 (1.2–7.5) | 12.1 (7.6–18.8) | 2.3 (.8–6.5) | 2.3 (.8–6.5) | 15.2 (10–22.3) |
| Tamil Nadu | 51 | 64.7 (50.9–76.4) | 5.9 (2.1–15.9) | 3.9 (1.2–13.2) | 2 (.5–10.3) | 2 (.5–10.3) | 2 (.5–10.3) | 0 (0–6.8) | 11.8 (5.6–23.4) | 0 (0–6.8) | 3.9 (1.2–13.2) | 2 (.5–10.3) | 3.9 (1.2–13.2) | 23.5 (14–36.8) | 7.8 (3.2–18.5) |
| Uttar Pradesh | 98 | 52 (42.2–61.7) | 1 (.2–5.5) | 8.2 (4.2–15.3) | 1 (.2–5.5) | 0 (0–3.7) | 2 (.6–7.1) | 1 (.2–5.5) | 11.2 (6.4–19) | 3.1 (1.1–8.6) | 2 (.6–7.1) | 15.3 (9.5–23.8) | 3.1 (1.1–8.6) | 4.1 (1.7–10) | 13.3 (8–21.4) |
| West Bengal | 106 | 71.7 (62.5–79.4) | 3.8 (1.5–9.3) | 1.9 (.6–6.6) | 0 (0–3.4) | 5.7 (2.7–11.8) | 0 (0–3.4) | 0.9 (.2–5.1) | 12.3 (7.3–19.9) | 6.6 (3.3–13) | 2.8 (1–8) | 6.6 (3.3–13) | 0.9 (.2–5.1) | 0.9 (.2–5.1) | 7.5 (3.9–14.2) |
a a See Tables 8–13 (additional files 3–7, 9) for frequencies of other haplogroups including breakdown of R2, U7 and W
b Includes all haplogroup M sub-haplogroups
c Includes sub-haplogroups R2, R5, R6 and R10
d Composite of haplogroups U2a, U2b and U2c [27]
e Composite of haplogroups A, B, D, G, M7, M8 (including C and Z), M9 (including E), M10, N9 (including Y), R9 (including F)
f Composite of haplogroups HV, TJ, X, N1, N2 and U (except U2i)
g Caste and tribal populations plus 8 Siddi [49] who belong to neither groupings
h Datasets where caste affiliation was not determined (undefined/mixed caste population), Scheduled Caste populations (e.g. the Mukri, see text for explanation) and data from [3] (dataset of 27 haplogroup M samples) are excluded.
i Indo-European speakers of southern India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Sri Lanka)
j Indo-European speakers of northern India (States other than listed in the previous footnote)
k The sum of the presented caste populations sample sizes is different from that given in the third row of the current table because of the addition of the Bangladeshi (n = 30) and extraction of the Mukri (n = 42), Orissa (n = 2) and Bihar (n = 2) data.