Table 1. Baseline clinical characteristics of all the study subjects.
| Characteristic | Non-advanced DR | Advanced DR | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 667 (67.8) | 317 (32.7) | - |
| Age, yr | 59.58±11.04 | 63.20±10.74 | <0.01 |
| Female sex | 379 (56.82) | 155 (48.90) | 0.02 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.24±3.49 | 25.01±3.40 | 0.33 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 126.54±14.61 | 132.06±17.12 | <0.01 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 76.51±10.61 | 75.27±11.41 | 0.09 |
| Diabetes duration, yr | 11.33±7.17 | 19.84±8.15 | <0.01 |
| Insulin user | 66 (9.90) | 155 (48.90) | <0.01 |
| Current smoker | 124 (18.59) | 47 (14.83) | <0.01 |
| Hypertension history | 388 (58.17) | 238 (75.08) | <0.01 |
| ACEi or ARBs user | 349 (52.32) | 213 (67.19) | <0.01 |
| Statin user | 496 (74.4) | 224 (70.7) | 0.22 |
| Fenofibrate user | 67 (10.0) | 18 (5.7) | 0.02 |
| CVD history | 175 (26.24) | 123 (38.8) | <0.01 |
| Mean HbA1c | 7.06±0.85 | 7.76±1.05 | <0.01 |
| DKD | <0.01 | ||
| No DKD | 476 (71.36) | 118 (37.22) | |
| Non-severe DKD | 154 (23.09) | 117 (36.91) | |
| Severe DKD | 37 (5.55) | 82 (25.87) | |
| DR | <0.01 | ||
| Absent DR | 494 (74.1) | - | |
| Mild non-PDR | 173 (25.9) | - | |
| Moderate non-PDR | - | 80 (25.2) | |
| Severe non-PDR | - | 130 (41.0) | |
| PDR | - | 107 (33.8) |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.
DR, diabetic retinopathy; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ACEi, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy.