Table 2. Clinical characteristics of the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and advanced diabetic retinopathy according to DKD.
| Characteristic | No DKD | Non-severe DKD | Severe DKD | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 118 (37.2) | 117 (37.0) | 82 (25.8) | - |
| Age, yr | 62.73±8.92 | 63.18±11.26 | 63.90±12.38 | 0.75 |
| Female sex | 62 (52.54) | 50 (42.74) | 50 (60.98) | 0.04 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.94±3.58 | 24.66±2.95 | 25.61±3.69 | 0.16 |
| Mean SBP, mm Hg | 127.99±10.88 | 129.29±11.68 | 132.65±10.65 | 0.01 |
| Mean DBP, mm Hg | 72.86±7.08 | 73.35±7.99 | 74.70±16.99 | 0.49 |
| Diabetes duration, yr | 19.79±8.21 | 19.38±8.17 | 20.55±8.09 | 0.61 |
| Insulin user | 51 (43.22) | 51 (43.59) | 53 (64.63) | <0.01 |
| Current smoker | 16 (14.41) | 22 (19.47) | 9 (11.39) | 0.29 |
| Hypertension history | 76 (64.41) | 89 (76.07) | 73 (90.12) | <0.01 |
| ACEi or ARB user | 70 (59.32) | 84 (72.41) | 59 (71.95) | 0.06 |
| Statin user | 80 (67.8) | 81 (69.2) | 63 (76.8) | 0.35 |
| Fenofibrate user | 9 (7.6) | 7 (6.0) | 2 (2.4) | 0.29 |
| CVD history | 49 (41.53) | 37 (31.62) | 37 (45.12) | 0.12 |
| C-peptide, nmol/L | 0.92±0.72 | 1.01±0.69 | 1.41±1.14 | <0.01 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 135.2±13.6 | 129.8±16.0 | 115.4±15.0 | <0.01 |
| Mean HbA1c, % | 7.70±1.03 | 7.82±1.08 | 7.74±1.04 | 0.68 |
| Mean HbA1c, mmol/mol | 61±12 | 62±12 | 61±12 | 0.68 |
| HbA1c-SD, % | 0.58±0.39 | 0.61±0.39 | 0.74±0.43 | 0.02 |
| Adj-HbA1c-SD, % | 0.53±0.35 | 0.56±0.36 | 0.68±0.39 | 0.02 |
| HbA1c-CV, % | 0.07±0.04 | 0.08±0.04 | 0.09±0.05 | <0.01 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.21±0.30 | 1.17±0.35 | 1.03±0.29 | <0.01 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.13±0.66 | 2.08±0.70 | 2.09±0.70 | 0.84 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.18 (1.09–1.29) | 1.47 (1.34–1.62) | 1.64 (1.47–1.83) | <0.01 |
| TG/HDL-C ratio | 2.3 (2.1–2.6) | 3 (2.7–3.4) | 3.8 (3.3–4.3) | <0.01 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 78.68±12.38 | 94.59±35.36 | 194.5±161.8 | <0.01 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 80.88±13.32 | 71.62±17.84 | 38.20±15.32 | <0.01 |
| uACR, µg/mg | 11.51 (10.46–12.67) | 81.87 (62.36–107.49) | 494.57 (334.1–732.1) | <0.01 |
Values are presented as number (%), mean±standard deviation, or geometric mean (95% confidence interval).
DKD, diabetic kidney disease; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ACEi, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SD, standard deviation; Adj, adjusted; CV, coefficient of variation; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; uACR, urine albumin/creatinine ratio.