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. 2016 Oct 14;8(4):231–238. doi: 10.1038/ijos.2016.34

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Copyright © 2016 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Morphological alterations and growth of the alr mutant under D-Ala starvation. (a, b) Representative transmission electron micrographs of S. mutans and alr mutant strain (Δalr) under D-Ala starvation for 0, 4 and 20 h. The red arrows indicate plasmolysis, and the green arrows indicate damaged cells. (c) The growth curve of S. mutans and Δalr under D-Ala starvation. The results were averaged from three independent experiments, presented as the mean±standard deviation. Ala, alanine; Δalr, S. mutans alr mutant.