Table 2.

Culture-sensitive adaptations of patient information materials for chronic low back pain

Component (standard version)	Italian	Polish	Russian	Turkish
Illustrative case examples (German names; professions: seller, bank employee, professor, housewife)	50% Italian names Professions: retired tram conductor, confectioner, sales person, teacher Inclusion of pensioner Housewife was changed to teacher	50% Polish names 50% pictures of people of Polish appearance Professions: electrician, student, tax consultant, housewife	All illustrative case examples were deleted	50% Turkish names 50% pictures of people of Turkish appearance
Social themes of different topics of the PIM (not in the focus)	Social themes ‘relations with friends and family’ were incorporated into several topics	No changes	No changes	Information incorporated outlining the benefits of social support for treatment of chronic low back pain, especially in ‘becoming more active’
Healthcare provider (multidisciplinary approach, GP as central coordinator of care)	Role of the GP as first point of contact and coordinator of care was highlighted	Responsibility of the GP for diagnosis and treatment was highlighted	Responsibility of the GP for diagnosis and treatment was highlighted	No changes
Diagnosis (consultation and physical examination as standard, further tests if another illness suspected)	No changes	No changes	It was highlighted that imaging procedures are not needed in routine procedure	No changes
Physical activities (fitness studio, swimming)	Changed from fitness studio and swimming to going for a walk and a bike ride	No changes	In-depth explanation on why rest is harmful and why physical activities are so important	Changed from fitness studio and swimming to going for a walk and a bike ride Differences between homework, manual work and physical activities were highlighted
Other (Anglicisms common to German everyday language were used)	All Anglicisms were omitted	No changes	No changes	No changes