Table 2.

Individual reasons for retraction and classification into the main categories of honest error, misconduct or unclear

Reason for retraction	Honest error	Misconduct	Unclear
Breach of editorial policy		1
Co-authors unaware of manuscript submission		5
Compromised peer review		44
Data falsification/fabrication		10
Data unreliable	6		8
Duplicate publication		7	1
Image duplication	1	5
No consent			1
No ethical approval		5
No permission for data		3	2
Plagiarism		22
Published in error	10
Undeclared conflict of interest			3
Sub-totals per broad category	17	102	15