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. 2016 Dec 20;6:191. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00191

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Copyright © 2016 Studer, Desharnais, Beutler, Brugiroux, Terrazos, Menin, Schürch, McCoy, Kuehne, Minton, Stecher, Bernier-Latmani and Hapfelmeier.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Infection of sDMDMm2 + C. scindens mice with C. difficile leads to decrease in secondary and deconjugated primary bile acids. Cecal contents of sDMDMm2 + C. scindens mice infected with C. difficile used in Figure 3 were used to quantify bile acid measurements. Measurements from uninfected control mice (colonized with C. scindens for 7 days) from Figure 2 were included as comparison (orange symbols, indicated by plus sign). (A) Heatmap analysis constructed from bile acid LC-MS/MS measurements. Values indicate measured bile acid concentrations in μmol/g dry weight of cecal content. (B) Analysis of individual bile acids in sDMDMm2 + C. scindens mice infected by C. difficile over time. Statistical analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-test to compare individual bile acids between the groups. Each symbol represents one individual. Bars indicate medians. Dotted lines indicate lower limit of detection. ns, not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.05); ^*p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001. TCA, taurocholic acid; CA, cholic acid; DCA, deoxycholic acid; 3-dehydroCA, 3-dehydrocholic acid; 7-oxoDCA, 7-oxodeoxycholic acid; 12-oxoLCA, 12-oxolithocholic acid; TDCA, taurodeoxycholic acid; TCDCA, taurochenodeoxycholic acid; CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid; LCA, lithocholic acid; UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid; dehydroLCA, dehydrolithocholic acid; isoLCA, iso-lithocholic acid; alloLCA, allo-lithocholic acid; 7-oxoLCA, 7-oxolithocholic acid; TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TαMCA, tauro-α-muricholic acid; TβMCA, tauro-β-muricholic acid; αMCA, α-muricholic acid; βMCA, β-muricholic acid; HCA, hyocholic acid; MDCA, murodeoxycholic acid; 6-oxo-allo-LCA, 6-oxo-allo-lithocholic acid; HDCA, hyodeoxycholic acid; ωMCA, ω-muricholic acid; TωMCA, tauro-ω-muricholic acid; THDCA, taurohyodeoxycholic acid.