Table 1.

Psychometric measures used to characterise young people's musculoskeletal pain and psychological well-being

Psychometric tool	Scoring
ÖMSPQ-SF: the SF (10 items) of the ÖMSPQ is appropriate for clinical and research purposes, as it demonstrates near equivalent accuracy, compared to the longer version,25 which has demonstrated reliability and validity.	Items are scored 0–10; 0 refers to the absence of impairment and 10 to severe impairment. Three items are reversed in order for all the questions to be oriented in the same direction. The total score will range between 1 and 100, with a score of >50 indicating higher estimated risk for future work disability. The SF has been tested in occupational and musculoskeletal adult cohorts in primary care.25
CSQ (subscale 2; catastrophising). The catastrophising subscale of the CSQ26 was used to assess general pain catastrophising beliefs.	This subscale lists six items that are scored using a 7-point Likert scale with responses 0 indicating ‘never’ to 6 indicating ‘always'. Scores can range from 0 to 36 with higher scores indicating greater catastrophising beliefs.
HADS: HADS is a 14-item measure of self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression widely validated and with good psychometric properties.27	The anxiety and depression scales each have seven questions, and scores are categorised as normal (0–7), mild (8–10), moderate (11–14) and severe (15–21).
PSEQ:28 PSEQ is a valid and reliable measure of a person's beliefs and confidence regarding their ability to undertake activities despite pain.	There are 10 items, using a 7-point Likert scale (‘Not at all confident 0 to completely confident ‘6′), with all items summed for a total score with a possible range from 0 to 60 with a higher score indicating higher self-efficacy.
AQoL: AQoL is an 8-domain questionnaire (35 items) psychological super dimension subscales (ie, subscales 4–8 inclusive) was used to capture overall psychological well-being.29	The psychological super dimension can be used as a stand-alone instrument, as it was derived to have independent content validity. By comparison with existing instruments, AQoL-8D has demonstrated advantages, including greater coverage of mental and social dimensions of health; similar results with respect to convergent and predictive validity and a higher correlation with subjective well-being.

AQoL, Assessment of the Quality of Life; CSQ, Coping Skills Questionnaire; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; OMSPQ-SF, Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire-Short Form; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy questionnaire.