Fig. 3.

Illustration of the complementary detection capabilities of DIP and CC using two different contaminated samples. Left: Using a mutual 9-nearest-neighbor graph, CC identifies two clusters (very small contamination) while DIP isn’t able to detect multimodality as seen in the distribution of pairwise distances below. Right: Two overlapping clusters prevent CC from detecting two components while DIP detects significant multimodality in the distribution of pairwise distances