Fig. 6.

Changes in TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and PPAR-α gene expression in laying hen kidneys

The expression level of each gene was determined by real-time RT-PCR, and the expressed RNA levels were normalized to β-actin as a ratio of gene of interest/β-actin mRNA levels. Data are presented as mean±SEM (n=10). ^* P<0.05, significant difference between the control and treatment groups in the same rearing pattern. Superscripts not sharing a common letter differ significantly (small letter for control groups and capital letter for treatment groups) at P<0.05. (a) TNF-α; (b) IFN-γ; (c) IL-4; (d) IL-10; (e) PPAR-α