Table 2. Toxicity of five chemicals to Apis mellifera spp.: Probit estimates of oral LC₅₀ values with 95% confidence limits in parentheses.

	Dimethoate	Clothianidin	Propiconazole	Cadmium	Arsenic
Probit calculated 48 h LC50 ± 95% CI mg/L	2.42 (1.96–2.89)	0.158 (0.089–0.227)	nc	18.355 (9.082–27.629)	25.675 (22.222–29.129)
Probit calculated 96 h LC50 ± 95% CI mg/L	1.16 (0.95–1.38)	0.079 (0.059–0.010)	nc	3.697 (0–11.916)	13.558 (11.999–15.116)
Probit calculated 240 h LC50 ± 95% CI mg/L	0.62 (0.46–0.77)	0.028 (0.018–0.038)	nc	nc	4.030 (3.314–4.745)
Probit calculated LC50 48 h: 96 h	2.08	2.00	nc	4.99	1.88
Probit calculated LC50 48 h: 240 h	3.90	5.64	nc	nc	6.35
DEB Calculated 48 h LC50 mg/L	1.55	0.0257	1363	37.68	22.04
DEB Calculated 96 h LC50 mg/L	0.83	0.0243	738	13.80	10.36
DEB Calculated 240 h LC50 mg/L	0.54	0.0240	403	4.52	5.65
DEB Calculated 720 h LC50 mg/L	0.45	0.0240	299	1.39	4.48
DEB Calculated 2160 h LC50 mg/L	0.42	0.0240	292	0.45	4.27
DEB LD50 48 h: 240 h	2.87	1.07	3.38	8.34	3.90
DEB LD50 48 h: 720 h	3.44	1.07	4.56	27.11	4.92
DEB LD50 48 h: 2160 h	3.69	1.07	4.67	83.73	5.16

DEBtox parameter estimates for 48 h, 96 h and 240 h LC₅₀ values are presented as estimate effects for a typical short-term laboratory bioassay (48 h, 96 h), extended duration bioassay (240 h), summer worker bee life-time (720 h) and winter bee life-time (2160h). The relative change of toxicity is estimated at the comparison of 48 h: 96 h, 48 h: 240 h for Probit and at 48 h: 240 h, 48 h: 720 h and 48 h: 2160 h for DEBtox estimated values. Values could not be calculated for tau-fluvalinate or 2,4-D as mortality levels were insufficient to establish any dose-response relationship. LC₅₀ values varying between time-points by a factor of >5 but <20 are shown in italic font and LC₅₀ values varying between time-points by a factor >20 are shown in bold font.