Table 2.
Summary of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Tumor Metastasis
| Marker of tumor metastasis | Characteristics of the molecule | Expression level in matastasis | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Annexin-1 | Belongs to a family of closely related calcium- and membrane-binding proteins. Annexin 1 exerts significant effects on several physiological and pathological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, membrane fusion, and was found with expression alterations in different kinds of malignant tumors. | Over expression in non-metastatic cell line | 67 |
| Increase | 47., 48., 55., 72. | ||
| Metastasis-associated S100A4 (Mts1) protein | An 11-kDa calcium-binding protein strongly linked to the formation of metastatic phenotype via regulation of cell motility, signal transduction and invasiveness. | Increase | 47 |
| Osteopontin | A glyco-phosphoprotein that is expressed and secreted by numerous human cancers and linked with the regulation of metastatic spread of tumor cells. | Increase | 67 |
| Extracellular matrix protein 1 | A secretory glycoprotein, promotes angiogenesis and is produced by tumor cells. | Increase | 67 |
| IL-18 | An essential interferon-γ (IFN−γ)-inducing factor. IL-18 is a product of macrophages and may play a role in metastasis by altering the microenvironment. | Increase | 48 |
| Apolipoprotein A1 | A protein that is normally expressed in liver, small intestine and colon carcinoma cell lines and might be a potential marker of the tumor aggression. | Increase | 46 |
| Cytokeratin | An important structural components of the epithelial cytoskeleton, the type of cytokeratins present in the cells is related to their biological function. Resent studies have indicated that cytokeratins play an important role in the regulation of cell migration and invasion. | CK18 — Increase | 48 |
| CK19 — Increase | 100 | ||
| High mobility group box 1 | An intranuclear protein that interacts with several transcription factors and accelerates genes related to tumor growth and invasion. | Increase in 86% of GISTs with KIT mutation | 51 |
| Galectin-1 | Galectins are galactoside-binding proteins that exhibit an important function in tumor progression by promoting cancer cell invasion and metastasis formation. | Associated with the metastatic phenotype | 93., 96. |
| Metalloproteinase (MMP) | An important modulator of carcinogenesis and contributes to the processes of local invasion and metastasis by controlling the ability of a tumor to transverse tissue boundaries. | MMP1 — Associated with the non-metastatic phenotype | 67 |
| MMP2 — Increase | 51 | ||
| Heat shock protein (HSP) | Ubiquitously present in many cells. They are induced by heat shock and other environmental and pathophysiologic stresses. Besides their putative role in thermoresistance, these proteins may be involved in the survival and recovery of the cells when exposed to stressful conditions. HSPs act as molecular chaperones to regulate appropriate protein folding and packaging. | Hsp27 — Increase | 49 |
| Hsp60 — Decrease | 48 | ||
| Hsp90 — Increase | 54 | ||
| Urokinase | A kind of serine protease, which can activate plasminogento fibrinolysin, the latter can degrade most kinds of extracellularmatrix. Thus construct path for metastasis from the extracellular local lysis region. | Increased enzyme activity | 37 |
| Tropomyosin | Tropomyosins (TMs) are ubiquitous actin-binding proteins found in muscle and nonmuscle cells. In nonmuscle cells, they are associated with cytoskeletal actin in microfilaments. Changes of expression level of TMs may lead to a change in cell motility, which is considered to be one of the important characteristics of high-metastatic tumor cells. | TM — Increase | 48 |
| TM1 — Increase | 84., 101. | ||
| TM2 — Decrease | 102 |