Table 2. Multiple Logistic Regression Models Of Perceived Racial Discrimination/Privilege In Health Care For The Whole Sample And By Race.
Variable | Whole sample | White | Black | Native American | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RR R | 95% CI | RRR | 95% CI | RRR | 95% CI | RRR | 95% CI | |
Perceived discrimination | ||||||||
Racea | ||||||||
Black | 3.94 | (3.60, 4.30)*** | ||||||
Native American | 3.06 | (2.52, 3.72)*** | ||||||
Hispanic origin | 1.24 | (1.00, 1.53) | 1.50 | (1.18, 1.90)** | 0.53 | (0.27, 1.06) | 0.86 | (0.43, 1.71) |
English interview | 1.29 | (0.84, 1.97) | 1.53 | (0.97, 2.43) | 1.71 | (0.34, 8.59) | 1.00 | (0.19, 5.15) |
Woman | 0.82 | (0.77, 0.89)*** | 0.84 | (0.77, 0.91)*** | 0.74 | (0.65, 0.85)*** | 0.65 | (0.45, 0.95)* |
Income, $10,000s | 0.86 | (0.82, 0.90)*** | 0.84 | (0.79, 0.89)*** | 0.85 | (0.78, 0.94)** | 0.85 | (0.67, 1.07) |
Income squared | 1.01 | (1.003, 1.01)** | 1.01 | (1.004, 1.01)** | 1.01 | (1.005, 1.02)** | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.03) |
Educationb | ||||||||
Less than high school | 0.96 | (0.84, 1.11) | 1.26 | (1.06, 1.49)** | 0.68 | (0.54, 0.87)** | 0.60 | (0.30, 1.21) |
High school | 1.00 | (0.91, 1.11) | 1.20 | (1.06, 1.36)** | 0.78 | (0.64, 0.94)** | 0.54 | (0.30, 0.98)* |
Some college | 1.04 | (0.94, 1.15) | 1.16 | (1.02, 1.32)* | 0.86 | (0.71, 1.04) | 0.93 | (0.54, 1.60) |
Employed for wage | 0.64 | (0.59, 0.70)*** | 0.71 | (0.64, 0.78)*** | 0.53 | (0.45, 0.61)*** | 0.57 | (0.38, 0.86)** |
Health insurance | 0.75 | (0.68, 0.83)*** | 0.67 | (0.59, 0.76)*** | 0.96 | (0.80, 1.15) | 0.96 | (0.59, 1.54) |
Foregone care due to cost | 3.15 | (2.89, 3.42)*** | 3.86 | (3.48, 4.28)*** | 2.10 | (1.79, 2.46)*** | 2.28 | (1.51, 3.43)*** |
Has personal physician | 0.83 | (0.75, 0.91)*** | 0.80 | (0.71, 0.89)*** | 0.80 | (0.67, 0.96)* | 0.94 | (0.59, 1.48) |
Self-rated health | 0.77 | (0.74, 0.79)*** | 0.78 | (0.74, 0.81)*** | 0.78 | (0.72, 0.83)*** | 0.81 | (0.68, 0.97)* |
Age, years | 1.04 | (1.03, 1.06)*** | 1.04 | (1.03, 1.06)*** | 1.04 | (1.02, 1.07)** | 1.11 | (1.03, 1.20)** |
Age squared | 0.9995 | (0.9994, 0.9996)*** | 0.9995 | (0.9994, 0.9997)*** | 0.9995 | (0.9992,0.9997)*** | 0.9988 | (0.9980, 0.9996)** |
Regionc | ||||||||
West | 1.25 | (1.05, 1.48)* | 1.13 | (0.92, 1.38) | 1.35 | (0.97, 1.87) | 0.89 | (0.39, 2.06) |
Midwest | 1.07 | (0.94, 1.23) | 0.94 | (0.80, 1.11) | 1.32 | (1.02, 1.70)* | 1.05 | (0.49, 2.27) |
Northeast | 1.17 | (1.03, 1.34)* | 1.33 | (1.14, 1.55)*** | 0.86 | (0.65, 1.14) | 0.87 | (0.36, 2.10) |
Perceived privilege | ||||||||
Racea | ||||||||
Black | 0.71 | (0.65, 0.77)*** | ||||||
Native American | 1.32 | (1.11, 1.56)** | ||||||
Hispanic origin | 0.99 | (0.87, 1.13) | 0.98 | (0.85, 1.13) | 1.29 | (0.74, 2.23) | 1.21 | (0.71, 2.06) |
English interview | 0.51 | (0.39, 0.67)*** | 0.44 | (0.33, 0.59)*** | 1.95 | (0.41, 9.34) | 1.02 | (0.27, 3.86) |
Woman | 1.17 | (1.12, 1.21)*** | 1.21 | (1.16, 1.26)*** | 0.68 | (0.58, 0.80)*** | 0.89 | (0.63, 1.26) |
Income, $10,000s | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.03) | 1.03 | (1.00, 1.06)* | 0.85 | (0.77, 0.95)** | 1.07 | (0.86, 1.33) |
Income squared | 1.003 | (1.001, 1.01)** | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.004) | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.02) | 0.99 | (0.97, 1.01) |
Educationb | ||||||||
Less than high school | 0.58 | (0.53, 0.63)*** | 0.52 | (0.48, 0.57)*** | 1.65 | (1.26, 2.16)*** | 1.04 | (0.60, 1.79) |
High school | 0.50 | (0.48, 0.52)*** | 0.47 | (0.45, 0.50)*** | 1.19 | (0.96, 1.49) | 0.83 | (0.51, 1.35) |
Some college | 0.56 | (0.53, 0.58)*** | 0.55 | (0.52, 0.58)*** | 0.85 | (0.67, 1.08) | 0.60 | (0.36, 1.00)* |
Employed for wage | 0.43 | (0.41, 0.45)*** | 0.43 | (0.41, 0.45)*** | 0.53 | (0.44, 0.64)*** | 0.42 | (0.27, 0.64)*** |
Health insurance | 1.22 | (1.13, 1.32)*** | 1.28 | (1.17, 1.39)*** | 1.04 | (0.83, 1.32) | 1.07 | (0.68, 1.67) |
Foregone care due to cost | 1.01 | (0.94, 1.08) | 1.02 | (0.94, 1.09) | 1.01 | (0.81, 1.24) | 0.83 | (0.51, 1.33) |
Has personal physician | 1.21 | (1.14, 1.30)*** | 1.25 | (1.17, 1.34)*** | 1.11 | (0.88, 1.39) | 1.10 | (0.69, 1.75) |
Self-rated health | 1.04 | (1.02, 1.06)*** | 1.03 | (1.01, 1.05)** | 1.10 | (1.01, 1.19)* | 1.00 | (0.85, 1.17) |
Age, years | 0.97 | (0.96, 0.98)*** | 0.97 | (0.96, 0.97)*** | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.03) | 1.07 | (1.00, 1.14)* |
Age squared | 1.001 | (1.0004, 1.001)*** | 1.001 | (1.0004, 1.001)*** | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.0002) | 1.00 | (0.999, 1.000) |
Regionc | ||||||||
West | 1.29 | (1.19, 1.40) *** | 1.34 | (1.23, 1.46) *** | 0.69 | (0.45, 1.06) | 1.51 | (0.74, 3.06) |
Midwest | 1.20 | (1.12, 1.28)*** | 1.23 | (1.14, 1.32)*** | 0.87 | (0.63, 1.19) | 1.73 | (0.85, 3.50) |
Northeast | 1.30 | (1.22, 1.38)*** | 1.32 | (1.24, 1.41)*** | 1.05 | (0.79, 1.40) | 1.27 | (0.59, 2.71) |
Notes: Robust estimators and adjustment for clustering in survey design are used. All models control for year. Reference category:
White;
College graduate;
South. N=99,820 for the whole sample, 90,477 for whites, 8,250 for blacks, and 1,093 for Native Americans. Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2004-2013.
Boldface indicates statistical significance
p<0.05;
p<0.01;
p<0.001 two-tailed tests.
RRR, relative risk ratio