. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Dec 20.

Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2016 Nov 10;539(7628):180–186. doi: 10.1038/nature20411

Table 1. Effects of systemically administered ageing and rejuvenation factors on healthy brains.

Factors	Organism or model	Effect on the brain	References
Blood or plasma from old mouse	Young adult mouse	In the young brain: reduction in neurogenesis; increase in microglial reactivity; reduction in learning and memory.	50
CCL11	Young adult mouse	In the young brain: reduction in neurogenesis; increase in microglial reactivity; reduction in learning and memory.	50
B2M	Young adult mouse	In the young brain: reduction in neurogenesis; increase in microglial reactivity; reduction in learning and memory.	54
Blood or plasma from young mouse	Aged mouse	Increase in neurogenesis; reduction in microglial reactivity; improvement in learning and memory; improvement in olfactory discrimination.	80, 81
IGF1	Young adult rat	Increase in neurogenesis.	91
IGF2	Young adult mouse	Increase in retention and persistence of working, short-term and long-term memory.	92
GHRH	Healthy older people; people with mild cognitive impairment	A 20-week treatment improved executive functions in both groups of people.	94
GnRH	Aged mouse	Increase in neurogenesis; improvement in memory.	95
GDF-11	Aged mouse	Increase in neurogenesis; increase in cerebrovascular integrity.	81

Abbr: IGF, insulin-like growth factor; GHRH, growth hormone-releasing hormone; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone; GDF-11, growth and differentiation factor 11.