Table 3. Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors.
| Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | ||
| Lower | Upper | ||||
| OS | |||||
| CD8 (Low vs High) | 0.037 | 0.474 | 0.251 | 0.893 | 0.021 |
| FOXP3 (Low vs High) | 0.569 | 0.965 | 0.561 | 1.660 | 0.899 |
| PD-1 (Low vs High)* | 0.028 | 0.464 | 0.261 | 0.827 | 0.049 |
| PD-L1 (Low vs High) | 0.203 | 1.166 | 0.706 | 1.927 | 0.549 |
| Age (<median(65) vs ≥median) | 0.556 | 1.368 | 0.833 | 2.247 | 0.216 |
| Sex (male vs female) | 0.604 | 1.216 | 0.746 | 1.983 | 0.432 |
| Tumour localisation (head vs other) | 0.623 | 0.284 | 1.365 | 0.237 | |
| pT-stage (pT1-2 vs pT3-4) | 0.001 | 0.550 | 0.323 | 0.935 | 0.027 |
| pN-stage (pN0 vs pN+) | 0.001 | 1.919 | 0.958 | 3.845 | 0.066 |
| Grading (G1 vs G2 vs G3) | 0.060 | 1.132 | 0.733 | 1.749 | 0.576 |
| Resection margins (R0 vs R1) | 0.001 | 1.268 | 0.710 | 2.264 | 0.423 |
| Type of surgery (W vs PP vs TP) | 0.848 | 1.153 | 0.750 | 1.772 | 0.517 |
| PNI (no vs yes) | 0.001 | 1.888 | 1.109 | 3.216 | 0.019 |
| VI (no vs yes) | 0.006 | 1.603 | 0.862 | 2.983 | 0.136 |
| LI (no vs yes) | 0.112 | 0.889 | 0.497 | 1.590 | 0.692 |
| Chemotherapy (no vs 1-2 cycles vs ≥3 cycles) | <0.001 | 0.545 | 0.397 | 0.748 | 0.001 |
| PFS | |||||
| CD8 (Low vs High) | 0.012 | 0.556 | 0.313 | 0.988 | 0.045 |
| FOXP3 (Low vs High) | 0.839 | 0.902 | 0.534 | 1.524 | 0.700 |
| PD-1 (Low vs High)* | 0.012 | 0.652 | 0.398 | 1.068 | 0.089 |
| PD-L1 (Low vs High) | 0.436 | 1.038 | 0.642 | 1.679 | 0.878 |
| Age (<median(65) vs ≥median) | 0.617 | 1.293 | 0.822 | 2.035 | 0.267 |
| Sex (male vs female) | 0.753 | 1.145 | 0.715 | 1.833 | 0.574 |
| Tumour localisation (head vs other) | 0.311 | 0.758 | 0.374 | 1.540 | 0.444 |
| pT-stage (pT1-2 vs pT3-4) | 0.001 | 0.623 | 0.380 | 1.022 | 0.061 |
| pN-stage (pN0 vs pN+) | 0.001 | 2.455 | 1.288 | 4.679 | 0.006 |
| Grading (G1 vs G2 vs G3) | 0.003 | 1.533 | 1.021 | 2.303 | 0.040 |
| Resection margins (R0 vs R1) | 0.001 | 1.402 | 0.825 | 2.385 | 0.212 |
| Type of surgery (W vs PP vs TP) | 0.430 | 1.059 | 0.721 | 1.557 | 0.769 |
| PNI (no vs yes) | <0.001 | 1.785 | 1.078 | 2.954 | 0.024 |
| VI (no vs yes) | 0.005 | 1.454 | 0.847 | 2.496 | 0.174 |
| LI (no vs yes) | 0.060 | 0.888 | 0.536 | 1.472 | 0.645 |
| Chemotherapy (no vs 1-2 cycles vs ≥3 cycles) | <0.001 | 0.651 | 0.475 | 0.892 | 0.008 |
| LPFS | |||||
| CD8 (Low vs High) | 0.046 | 0.520 | 0.287 | 0.941 | 0.031 |
| FOXP3 (Low vs High) | 0.664 | 0.999 | 0.587 | 1.699 | 0.996 |
| PD-1 (Low vs High)* | 0.010 | 0.538 | 0.324 | 0.895 | 0.017 |
| PD-L1 (Low vs High) | 0.339 | 1.089 | 0.669 | 1.774 | 0.731 |
| Age (<median(65) vs ≥median) | 0.265 | 1.667 | 1.031 | 2.696 | 0.057 |
| Sex (male vs female) | 0.437 | 1.443 | 0.900 | 2.315 | 0.128 |
| Tumour localisation (head vs other) | 0.221 | 0.792 | 0.366 | 1.714 | 0.554 |
| pT-stage (pT1-2 vs pT3-4) | 0.005 | 0.725 | 0.433 | 1.213 | 0.221 |
| pN-stage (pN0 vs pN+) | 0.001 | 1.926 | 0.994 | 3.729 | 0.052 |
| Grading (G1 vs G2 vs G3) | 0.022 | 1.316 | 0.868 | 1.994 | 0.196 |
| Resection margins (R0 vs R1) | 0.001 | 1.564 | 0.910 | 2.690 | 0.106 |
| Type of surgery (W vs PP vs TP) | 0.545 | 1.192 | 0.780 | 1.820 | 0.417 |
| PNI (no vs yes) | <0.001 | 2.028 | 1.214 | 3.388 | 0.007 |
| VI (no vs yes) | 0.005 | 1.508 | 0.857 | 2.655 | 0.155 |
| LI (no vs yes) | 0.083 | 0.853 | 0.499 | 1.456 | 0.559 |
| Chemotherapy (no vs 1-2 cycles vs ≥3 cycles) | <0.001 | 0.529 | 0.385 | 0.728 | 0.001 |
| DMFS | |||||
| CD8 (Low vs High) | 0.012 | 0.393 | 0.207 | 0.746 | 0.004 |
| FOXP3 (Low vs High) | 0.756 | 0.917 | 0.534 | 1.575 | 0.754 |
| PD-1 (Low vs High)* | 0.005 | 0.540 | 0.320 | 0.910 | 0.021 |
| PD-L1 (Low vs High) | 0.479 | 1.015 | 0.615 | 1.676 | 0.953 |
| Age (<median(65) vs ≥median) | 0.914 | 1.223 | 0.762 | 1.963 | 0.404 |
| Sex (male vs female) | 0.438 | 1.256 | 0.769 | 2.050 | 0.362 |
| Tumour localisation (head vs other) | 0.316 | 0.643 | 0.306 | 1.349 | 0.242 |
| pT-stage (pT1-2 vs pT3-4) | 0.001 | 0.442 | 0.265 | 0.736 | 0.002 |
| pN-stage (pN0 vs pN+) | 0.001 | 2.414 | 1.240 | 4.699 | 0.010 |
| Grading (G1 vs G2 vs G3) | 0.002 | 1.350 | 0.883 | 2.065 | 0.166 |
| Resection margins (R0 vs R1) | 0.001 | 1.234 | 0.703 | 2.166 | 0.464 |
| Type of surgery (W vs PP vs TP) | 0.387 | 0.967 | 0.645 | 1.448 | 0.869 |
| PNI (no vs yes) | 0.001 | 1.834 | 1.088 | 3.090 | 0.023 |
| VI (no vs yes) | 0.004 | 1.625 | 0.918 | 2.879 | 0.096 |
| LI (no vs yes) | 0.076 | 0.895 | 0.528 | 1.518 | 0.681 |
| Chemotherapy (no vs 1-2 cycles vs ≥3 cycles) | <0.001 | 0.540 | 0.460 | 0.895 | 0.009 |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; W, Whipples; PP, partial pancreatectomy; TP, total pancreatectomy; VI, vascular invasion; LI, lymphatic invasion; PNI, perineural/neural invasion; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; FFS, local failure-free survival; DMFS, distant metastases-free survival;
Significant values have been marked with bold.