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Ivermectin induces cytostatic autophagy by blocking the PAK1-AKT axis in breast cancer cells. Ivermectin treatment promotes ubiquitination-mediated degradation of PAK1, leading to inactivation of the AKT-MTOR signaling pathway. The inhibition of AKT-MTOR signaling subsequently induces the formation of the BECN1-containing PtdIns3 K complex and ultimately results in elevated autophagic flux, which represses the growth of breast cancer cells independent of apoptosis. Ub, ubiquitin.
