Testing rats in a prospective memory test. Anticipation of early (A) and late (B) meals severely disrupted performance in an ongoing task (an auditory discrimination) after the event, relative to excellent performance at an earlier time point. (C) When event and time were dissociated (using data from 25–34 min, with and without the event), performance was severely disrupted by the event. (D) Rats anticipated the arrival of the meal, as shown by the increase in food-trough responses when the event provided information that the meal could be obtained soon; the meal could be obtained early or late (beginning at 35 or 260 min, respectively), which was randomly determined on each day. Horizontal lines indicate the last 10-min before the meal when the event was presented. From “Event-based prospective memory in the rat” by Wilson AG, Pizzo MJ, Crystal JD, Current Biology, 23, 1089–1093. Copyright 2013 by Elsevier Press. Reprinted with permission.