. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016 Nov 10;13(1):41–51. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.178

TABLE 1.

Adenosine receptors regulate the function of inflammatory cells

Inflammatory cell	Adenosine receptor
Inflammatory cell	ADORA1	ADORA2A	ADORA2B	ADORA3
Neutrophil	Increases adhesion to matrix⁴⁹	Inhibits superoxide anion generation^43-45 Inhibits adhesion and recruitment Increases engulfment-mediated downregulation of neutrophil function^46-50	Unknown	Chemotaxis^52,53
Macrophage	Increases giant cell formation⁹¹ Increases osteoclast differentiation^92,93	Promotes M1 to M2 transition^62,71 Inhibits cytokine expression^61-72 Inhibits osteoclast formation^94-96	Inhibits osteoclast formation^94-96 Promotes M1 to M2 transition^75-77	Inhibits cytokine expression^70,78-86
T cell	Unknown	Inhibits TCR-triggered activation^103,104 Inhibits activation-induced cell death¹¹² Inhibits Fas/FasL-mediated cell death¹¹²	Stimulates T_H17 differentiation by increasing dendritic cell IL-6 production^87-89	Unknown
Endothelial cell	Unknown	Increases angiogenesis¹²³ Increases barrier integrity (prevents oedema) ^123,125	Increases angiogenesis¹²³ Increases oedema formation in arthritis⁹⁰ Promotes clearance of pulmonary oedema¹²⁶	Unknown
Fibroblast	Unknown	Stimulates fibroblast production of collagen I and III^130-133 Promotes skin, lung and hepatic fibrosis^130-144	Stimulates collagen production^130-133	Unknown