Table 3.
Adjusteda
|
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical Characteristic | Visits with benzodiazepines (n=1,748) | Visits without benzodiazepines (n=30,796) | p | ORb | 95% CI |
Diagnoses/visit complaint | |||||
Anxiety, %c | 8.2 | .8 | <.001 | 10.74 | 7.69–15.00 |
Insomnia | 3.5 | .7 | <.001 | 4.22 | 2.82–6.30 |
Depression | 5.2 | 1.3 | <.001 | 3.09 | 2.12–4.52 |
Dementia | .5 | .5 | .77 | 1.11 | .46–2.67 |
Substance use disorder | .5 | .2 | .11 | 1.68 | .66–4.29 |
Any mental health diagnosis | 19.0 | 4.8 | <.001 | 2.77 | 2.17–3.54 |
Medical conditions | |||||
Asthma/COPD | 18.2 | 11.7 | <.001 | 1.71 | 1.38–2.11 |
CVA/CAD | 16.7 | 13.6 | .005 | 1.28 | 1.09–1.52 |
HTN/HL | 67.5 | 58.2 | <.001 | 1.50 | 1.26–1.78 |
CHF | 5.7 | 5.0 | .27 | 1.17 | .92–1.49 |
Obesity | 5.4 | 5.9 | .54 | .94 | .69–1.29 |
Osteoporosis | 9.8 | 6.3 | <.001 | 1.56 | 1.26–1.93 |
Tobacco-user | 8.8 | 5.7 | <.001 | 1.57 | 1.22–2.02 |
Other psychotropic medication | |||||
Antidepressant | 26.9 | 7.8 | <.001 | 3.93 | 3.40–4.55 |
Antipsychotic | 2.6 | .8 | <.001 | 3.41 | 2.16–5.39 |
Opioid | 10.0 | 2.9 | <.001 | 3.71 | 2.63–5.24 |
Mean total continued medications (SEMd) | 4.6 (.1) | 3.6 (.1) | <.001 | 1.1 | 1.1–1.16 |
Visit Characteristic | |||||
| |||||
Psychotherapy | .9 | .3 | .009 | 1.68 | .74–3.82 |
Stress management | 3.6 | 1.2 | <.001 | 2.04 | 1.28–3.27 |
Provider | |||||
Family practice (ref) | 24.5 | 18.0 | n/a | 1.00 | n/a |
Internal Medicine | 30.6 | 21.8 | .75 | 1.05 | .84–1.31 |
Other medical specialty | 44.9 | 60.2 | <.001 | .63 | .51–.77 |
Return visit with provider (ref: new patient) | 91.8 | 90.1 | .28 | 1.12 | .84–1.50 |
Visit for a chronic condition (ref: no) | 56.0 | 52.7 | .09 | 1.13 | .97–1.32 |
Visit disposition: scheduled follow-up (ref: no) | 78.1 | 77.2 | .56 | 1.05 | .89–1.25 |
Mean number of visits in past 12 months (SEM) | 5.2 (.2) | 4.3 (.1) | <.001 | 1.03 | 1.02–1.04 |
Mean time with physician, min (SEM) | 20.9 (.8) | 19.9 (.3) | .08 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 |
Adjusted for diagnosis or reason for visit of anxiety and insomnia.
OR: odds ratio, reflecting the odds associated with benzodiazepine use.
Percentage of visit with a given characteristic, unless noted otherwise.
SEM: standard error of the mean.