Fig. 12. Two- stage model of integrin cross-talk in mediating neutrophil clustering and NETosis on Fn + β-glucan that decouples clustering and NET formation.

We propose an early stage of VLA5 and CR3 adhesion to Fn + β-glucan that triggers NETosis and subsequent CR3 inside-out auto activation that leads to a later stage β₂ to β₁ cross-talk that inactivates VLA5 and activates VLA3 leading to characteristic neutrophil clustering around NETotic foci.