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Beneficial effects (dotted line), deleterious effects (discontinued line). In advanced cirrhosis, especially in presence of cardiomyopathy, NSBB therapy decreases cardiac output leading to EABV reduction which in turn contributes to HRS. Conversely, NSBBs' positive effects include reduction of gut permeability and the risk of SBP. EABV, effective arterial blood volume; HRS, hepatorenal syndrome; NSBBs, non-selective β-blockers; SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
