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. 2016 Dec 21;6:39520. doi: 10.1038/srep39520

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(A) Representative serial liver sections of healthy controls or chronic HCV infected patients were stained for M1 (hiNOS/Red) and M2 (hCD163/Brown) macrophage and collagen (Sirius Red/Fast Green). (B) Chronic HCV-induced liver fibrosis (αSMA, TIMP1, COL1A1, COL1A2) is associated with upregulation of M2 macrophage markers (CD163, CD206) in livers of chronic HCV patients (N = 41) compared to livers of healthy controls (N = 19). (C) Elevated serum levels of soluble M2 macrophage activation marker (Soluble CD163) in chronic HCV patients with liver fibrosis (N = 10) compared to healthy controls (N = 10).