Table 3.
List of outcome measures by study
| Ref. | Year | Organ group | Primary outcome measures | Secondary outcome measures |
| Braith et al[5] | 1996 | Heart | Bone mineral density (body and regional: Femur neck, lumbar vertebra) | Bone mineral content Total bone calcium Acute rejection episodes |
| Braith et al[4] | 1998 | Heart | Body mass Fat-free mass Fat mass Muscle strength (upper and lower body) | Percent body fat Acute rejection episodes |
| Kobashigawa et al[15] | 1999 | Heart | Blood pressure (peak and resting) Heart rate (peak and resting) Anaerobic threshold Exercise duration (to exhaustion) Peak ventilation Peak VO2 Peak workload Ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide and oxygen | Muscle strength (lower limb) |
| Painter et al[16] | 2002 | Kidney | Body mass index Body weight Fat mass/body fat Lean tissue mass Percent body fat Blood pressure (peak) Muscle strength (quadriceps) Peak ventilation Peak VO2 SF-36 | Self-reported activity level (frequency, type, length, and intensity of exercise) Blood creatinine Blood urea nitrogen levels Hematocrit Hemoglobin Bone mineral density Peak workload Rating of perceived exertion (Borg) Peak respiratory exchange ratio Immunosuppression use (type, dose) |
| Mitchell et al[17] | 2003 | Lung | Bone mineral density (lumbar spine) | Acute rejection episodes Muscle strength (lumbar extensor) |
| Painter et al[18] | 2003 | Kidney | Cholesterol (TC, HDL) Body mass index Total CVD risk (Framingham) Blood pressure Peak workload (METs) | Blood lipids Incidence of diabetes Smoking status |
| Braith et al[19] | 2005 | Heart | Muscle composition (fiber types) Muscle metabolic enzyme activity | Muscle strength (upper and lower body) |
| Juskowa et al[20] | 2006 | Kidney | Blood lipids Cholesterol (TC, HDL, LDL) Body mass index | Blood calcium level Blood creatinine Blood electrolytes Blood glucose Blood phosphorus Blood protein levels (albumin, fibrinogen, total protein level) Enzyme levels (alanine transferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase) Folate concentrations Hemoglobin Interleukin-18 Total-homocysteine Vitamin B12 Blood pressure Muscle strength (upper limbs) Peak expiratory flow |
| Krasnoff et al[3] | 2006 | Liver | Body mass index Body weight Bone mineral content Bone mineral density Fat mass/body fat Lean tissue mass Percent body fat Muscle strength (quadriceps) Peak VO2 SF-36 Peak respiratory exchange ratio Nutritional intake (Block-95 - calories/day; protein, carb and fat calories) | Rating of perceived exertion (Borg) |
| Bernardi et al[21] | 2007 | Heart | Baroceptor control of blood pressure Baroceptor control of heart rate | Blood pressure; Heart rate Neck pressure RR interval Anaerobic threshold CO2 production Exercise duration (to exhaustion) Peak ventilation Peak VO2; Peak workload Ventilatory equivalent for CO2 and oxygen |
| Karapolat et al[22] | 2007 | Heart | Peak VO2 Beck depression inventory SF-36 State-trait anxiety inventory | |
| Braith et al[23] | 2008 | Heart | Endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation) | Blood glucose Blood lipids Cholesterol (TC, HDL, LDL) Oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation Plasma norepinephrine Serum metabolic and hematologic indicators Body mass Acute rejection episodes Blood pressure (resting and peak) Brachial artery diameter Exercise duration (to exhaustion) Peak VO2 |
| Karapolat et al[24] | 2008 | Heart | Chronotropic response index Heart rate recovery Heart rate reserve Peak VO2 | Duke Treadmill Score |
| Pierce et al[25] | 2008 | Heart | C-reactive protein Interleukin-6 Serum metabolic profile Soluble cell adhesion molecules (sICAM-1) Tumour necrosis factor-alpha Muscle vasodilation (forearm and calf) | Blood glucose Cholesterol (TC, HDL, LDL) Cytomegalovirus IgG status White blood cell levels Acute rejection episodes Blood pressure (resting) Heart rate (peak and resting) Exercise duration (to exhaustion) Rating of perceived exertion (Borg) Peak respiratory exchange ratio |
| Wu et al[26] | 2008 | Heart | Muscle endurance (quadriceps) Muscle strength (quadriceps) Peak VO2 World Health Organization Questionnaire on Quality of Life - BREF | Daily physical activity Blood pressure Heart rate (resting and peak) Nutritional intake (caloric intake questionnaire) Peak ventilation Peak workload Rating of perceived exertion (Borg) |
| Haykowsky et al[27] | 2009 | Heart | Peak VO2 | Lean tissue mass (total and leg) Blood pressure (peak) Endothelial function (endothelial-dependent vasodilation, endothelial-independent vasodilation, reactive hyperemia index) Heart rate (peak) Left ventricular systolic function Muscle strength (upper and lower body) Peak power output Peak respiratory exchange ratio |
| Mandel et al[28] | 2009 | Liver | 6MWD Muscle strength (lower body) Chronic liver disease questionnaire (CLDQ) SF-36 (physical function/limitations) | |
| Hermann et al[29] | 2011 | Heart | Peak VO2 | Blood creatinine Blood glucose; Blood lipids Blood protein levels (adiponectin, MR-proANP, NT-proBNP, provasopressin/copeptin) Cholesterol Hemoglobin High sensitive C-reactive protein Interleukin-6 Serum insulin Tumour necrosis factor-alpha Body mass index; Body weight Hip-waist ratio Blood pressure (resting) Brachial artery diameter Endothelial function (flow-mediated vasodilation, nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation) Heart rate (resting) Peak power output |
| Ihle et al[30] | 2011 | Lung | 6MWD Peak VO2 SF-36 St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire | Heart rate (peak and resting) Anaerobic threshold Oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold Peak workload Peak respiratory exchange ratio Ventilatory reserve and capacity |
| Christensen et al[31] | 2012 | Heart | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | Peak VO2 |
| Langer et al[2] | 2012 | Lung | SF-36 Daily walking time (time spend in different postures: sedentary, standing, walking) | Daily steps Movement intensity Time spent in moderate intense activities Blood lipids Body weight Bone mineral density Blood pressure 6MWD Muscle strength (quadriceps and handgrip) Peak workload Mood status SF-36 Forced expiratory volume Respiratory muscle force Incidence of morbidity (diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, osteoporosis) |
| Nytrøen et al[32] | 2012 | Heart | Peak VO2 | Blood lipids Blood protein levels (NT-proBNP) C-reactive protein Interleukin-6, 8 and 10 levels Body mass index; Body weight; % body fat Chronotropic response index Glycemic control parameters Blood pressure (peak and resting) Heart rate (peak and resting) Heart rate recovery and reserve Stroke volume (O2 pulse; resting and peak) Anaerobic threshold Exercise duration (to exhaustion) Muscle strength (quadriceps and hamstrings) Peak ventilation Rating of perceived exertion (Borg) SF-36 Visual Analog Scale (subjective difference in HRQoL) Peak respiratory exchange ratio |
| Rustad et al[33] | 2012 | Heart | Echocardiographic parameters (rest and during exercise; systolic and diastolic parameters) Peak VO2 | Biochemical parameters Blood pressure Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (coronary angiography) Cardiac output Heart rate (resting and peak) Stroke volume Peak workload Peak respiratory exchange ratio |
| Kawauchi et al[34] | 2013 | Heart | 6MWD Forced vital capacity Respiratory muscle force/strength | Muscle strength (upper and lower limbs) Maximum expiratory/inspiratory pressure |
| Kouidi et al[35] | 2013 | Kidney | Baroreflex sensitivity Heart rate variability parameters (SDNN, rMSSD, pNN50, LF, HF, LF/HF) | Baroreflex effectiveness index Blood pressure (peak and resting) Heart rate (peak and resting) Exercise duration (to exhaustion) Peak ventilation Peak VO2 |
| Nytrøen et al[36] | 2013 | Heart | Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (intravascular ultrasound and virtual histology) | Blood creatinine Blood glucose Blood lipids C-reactive protein Cholesterol (TC, HDL, LDL) Hemoglobin Interleukin-6, 8 and 10 levels Body mass index Body water (total) Body weight Bone mass Lean tissue mass Percent body fat Visceral fat scale Basal metabolic rate Glycemic control parameters Metabolic age Muscle strength (quadriceps and hamstrings) Peak VO2 |
| Dall et al[37] | 2014 | Heart | Peak VO2 | Body weight Blood pressure Heart rate (peak and resting) Heart rate recovery Heart rate reserve CO2 production Peak ventilation Peak workload Peak respiratory exchange ratio |
| Monk-Hansen et al[38] | 2014 | Heart | Echocardiography parameters (systolic and diastolic function) | Body mass index Blood pressure Heart rate (peak and resting) Peak VO2 Peak workload |
| Pascoalino et al[39] | 2015 | Heart | Arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) Blood pressure (ambulatory; peak and resting) | Plasma norepinephrine Heart rate (peak and resting) Anaerobic threshold CO2 production Exercise duration (to exhaustion) Peak VO2 Peak respiratory exchange ratio Respiratory compensation point |
| Pooranfar et al[40] | 2013 | Kidney | Blood lipids Cholesterol (TC, HDL, LDL) Sleep quality and quantity questionnaire (self-report; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) | |
| Riess et al[41] | 2013 | Kidney | Peak VO2 | Cholesterol (TC, HDL) Lean tissue mass Total CVD risk (Framingham) Arterial pressure (mean) Arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity) Arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2) Blood pressure (ambulatory; peak and resting) Cardiac output Heart rate (peak); Stroke volume Systemic vascular endurance Muscle strength (lower body) Peak workload SF-36 Peak respiratory exchange ratio |
| Tzvetanov et al[42] | 2014 | Kidney | Glomerular filtration rate SF-36 Adherence to training and follow-up Employment status | Blood creatinine; Blood glucose; Blood lipids Cholesterol (TC, HDL, LDL) Hemoglobin Body mass index Body weight Bone mineral content Lean tissue mass Percent body fat Arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity Blood pressure Carotid intima-media thickness Muscle strength |
| Dall et al[43] | 2015 | Heart | Blood glucose Blood protein levels (adiponectin, orosomucoid, YLK 40) Interleukin-6 Serum insulin Tumour necrosis factor-alpha Arterial stiffness (augmentation index) Endothelial function (reactive hyperemia index) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale SF-36 | Body weight Homeostasis model assessment Heart rate (peak) Peak VO2 Peak respiratory exchange ratio |
| Greenwood et al[44] | 2015 | Kidney | Muscle strength (quadriceps) | Arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity) Blood pressure (peak and resting) Heart rate (peak and resting) STS-60 Peak VO2 Body mass index; Body weight Waist girth Glomerular filtration rate high-sensitivity C-reactive protein interleukin-6 Fetuin A Tumor necrosis factor-alpha tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 SF-36 Duke Activity Status Index |
| Karelis et al[45] | 2015 | Kidney | World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index Muscle strength index Adherence to training and follow-up (feasibility) | Body weight Body height Body mass index Waist girth Hip girth Fat mass/body fat Lean tissue mass Cholesterol (TC, HDL, LDL) Blood glucose Blood pressure Peak VO2 |
SF-36: Short-form 36; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL: High-density lipoprotein fraction of cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein fraction of cholesterol; RR-interval: Inter-beat interval (heart rate); BREF: A shorter version of the original; rMSSD: Root-mean-square of successive NN interval differences; pNN50: Percentage value of NN50 count; LF: Low-frequency components; HF: High-frequency components; CVD: Cardio-vascular disease; STS-60: Sit-to-stand 60.