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. 2016 Dec 21;6:36411. doi: 10.1038/srep36411

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Neural tube derives from neural epithelium early in development, with adjacent paraxial mesoderm (A). Neural crest cells split from neural tube and begin to migrate towards the presumptive face and form the first branchial arch (B), from which the mandible is derived (C). Here, we demonstrated that neural-crest derived bone (mandible) harbors HSCs that benchmark with mesoderm derived femur/tibia HSCs, and yet with a severe deficiency in lymphoid differentiation (D). Signals in HSC niche in the form of bound or secreted molecules, including osteoblast derived Cxcl12, regulate HSC functions (D). Contrastingly, HSCs derive from paraxial mesoderm reside in appendicular bones such as femur and tibia (E,F) and have been well characterized, including progenitors of osteoclasts and Cxcl12 as a pivotal signal that regulates HSC niche (G).