Table 3.
Associations between lifetime psychotic experiences (PEs) and the subsequent onset of DSM-IV mental disorders.
| Type of mental disorders | Bivariate modelsa | Multivariate modelsb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds of disorder | Odds of disorder | |||
| OR | (95% C.I) | OR | (95% C.I) | |
| I. Mood disorders | ||||
| Major depressive disorder with hierarchy | 1.6* | (1.4–1.9) | 1.3* | (1.2–1.5) |
| Bipolar disorder (broad) | 2.7* | (2.0–3.5) | 2.0* | (1.5–2.6) |
| II. Anxiety disorders | ||||
| Panic disorder | 2.0* | (1.5–2.8) | 1.3 | (0.9–1.8) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder with hierarchy | 1.9* | (1.5–2.4) | 1.4* | (1.1–1.8) |
| Social phobia | 2.0* | (1.5–2.7) | 1.4* | (1.0–1.8) |
| Specific phobia | 1.0 | (0.7–1.5) | 0.9 | (0.6–1.3) |
| Agoraphobia without panic | 2.0* | (1.2–3.4) | 1.2 | (0.7–2.1) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 2.0* | (1.6–2.6) | 1.3* | (1.1–1.7) |
| Separation anxiety disorder (Child) | 1.7 | (0.9–3.2) | 1.2 | (0.6–2.3) |
| Separation anxiety disorder (Adult) | 2.7* | (1.9–3.6) | 1.6* | (1.2–2.2) |
| III. Impulse-control disorders | ||||
| Intermittent explosive disorder with hierarchy | 1.5* | (1.1–2.1) | 1.2 | (0.9–1.6) |
| Attention deficit disorder | 2.5 | (0.8–7.4) | 1.8 | (0.6–5.6) |
| Oppositional defiant disorder with hierarchy | 2.6* | (1.2–5.7) | 2.1 | (0.9–5.0) |
| Conduct disorder | 1.9 | (0.9–4.1) | 1.2 | (0.5–3.0) |
| IV. Eating disorders | ||||
| Anorexia nervosa | 0.9 | (0.3–2.8) | 0.7 | (0.2–2.0) |
| Binge eating disorder with hierarchy | 1.7* | (1.1–2.5) | 1.0 | (0.7–1.6) |
| Bulimia nervosa with hierarchy | 3.2* | (2.2–4.8) | 1.9* | (1.2–3.1) |
| V. Substance-use disorders | ||||
| Alcohol abuse with hierarchy | 1.7* | (1.3–2.3) | 1.4* | (1.1–1.9) |
| Alcohol dependence | 1.9* | (1.4–2.7) | 1.1 | (0.8–1.7) |
| Drug abuse with hierarchy | 1.9* | (1.2–2.8) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.1) |
| Drug dependence | 2.3* | (1.5–3.4) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.0) |
*
Significant at the .05 level, 2-sided test.
a
Lifetime PEs was used as a predictor of mental disorder onset in separate discrete-time survival model controlling for age-cohorts, gender, person-years, country, time-varying education, time-varying marriage and employment status.
b
Lifetime PEs was used as a predictor of mental disorder onset in separate discrete-time survival model including the controls specified above, other temporally primary mental disorders and number of temporally primary mental disorders (2,3,4 5+ disorders). Full details of these models are shown in Supplementary material Table S4.