Table 4.
Associations between DSM-IV mental disorders and the subsequent onset of psychotic experiences.
| Type of mental disorders | Bivariate modelsa | Multivariate modelb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | (95% C.I) | OR | (95% C.I) | |
| I. Mood disorders | ||||
| Major depressive disorder with hierarchy | 2.5* | (2.1–3.0) | 2.2* | (1.8–2.7) |
| Bipolar disorder (broad) | 2.6* | (1.9–3.7) | 1.9* | (1.3–2.9) |
| II. Anxiety disorders | ||||
| Panic disorder | 2.5* | (1.8–3.4) | 1.6* | (1.2–2.3) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder with hierarchy | 2.4* | (1.8–3.1) | 1.7* | (1.2–2.3) |
| Social phobia | 2.2* | (1.8–2.6) | 1.5* | (1.2–2.0) |
| Specific phobia | 2.6* | (2.2–2.9) | 2.2* | (1.8–2.7) |
| Agoraphobia without panic | 2.5* | (1.8–3.6) | 1.9* | (1.3–2.7) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 2.5* | (1.9–3.2) | 1.8* | (1.3–2.4) |
| Separation anxiety disorder (Child) | 2.1* | (1.5–3.0) | 1.5* | (1.0–2.1) |
| Separation anxiety disorder (Adult) | 2.8* | (2.1–3.9) | 1.9* | (1.3–2.8) |
| III. Impulse-control disorders | ||||
| Intermittent explosive disorder with hierarchy | 2.4* | (1.9–3.0) | 1.9* | (1.5–2.5) |
| Attention deficit disorder | 2.7* | (2.0–3.8) | 1.7* | (1.2–2.4) |
| Oppositional defiant disorder with hierarchy | 3.0* | (2.1–4.3) | 2.0* | (1.3–3.1) |
| Conduct disorder | 2.5* | (1.7–3.7) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.3) |
| IV. Eating disorders | ||||
| Anorexia nervosa | 2.9* | (1.1–8.1) | 2.8* | (1.0–7.8) |
| Binge eating disorder with hierarchy | 2.2* | (1.6–3.2) | 1.8* | (1.2–2.6) |
| Bulimia nervosa with hierarchy | 2.7* | (1.8–4.2) | 1.8* | (1.2–3.0) |
| V. Substance-use disorders | ||||
| Alcohol abuse with hierarchy | 1.8* | (1.4–2.5) | 1.8* | (1.3–2.5) |
| Alcohol dependence | 2.4* | (1.8–3.3) | 2.0* | (1.3–2.9) |
| Drug abuse with hierarchy | 1.5 | (1.0–2.3) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.8) |
| Drug dependence | 2.6* | (1.7–3.9) | 1.3 | (0.8–2.3) |
| Joint effect of all types of disorders, χ221, [p-value] | 130.4** | [<.001] | ||
| Difference between types of disorders, χ220, [p-value] | 27.9 | [0.111] | ||
| VI. Number of disorders | ||||
| 2 disorders | 1.0 | (0.7–1.3) | ||
| 3 disorders | 0.5* | (0.4–0.8) | ||
| 4 disorders | 0.4* | (0.2–0.8) | ||
| 5+ disorders | 0.2* | (0.1–0.4) | ||
| Joint effect of all number of disorders, χ24, [p-value] | 31.1** | [<.001] | ||
*/**
Significant at the .05 level, 2-sided test.
a
Each lifetime mental disorder type was used as a predictor of psychotic experiences onset in separate discrete-time survival model controlling for age-cohorts, gender, person-years, country, time-varying education, time-varying marriage and employment status.
b
The model was estimated with dummy variables for all temporally primary mental disorders and number of temporally primary mental disorders entered simultaneously including the controls specified above.