Table 1.

Summary description and descriptive statistics for variables included in analyses (n = 646)

	Summary Description	Mean	SD	Min- Max	Alpha
Dependent Variables
Gang membership	Single item asking whether or not participants are a member of a gang (0 = no, 1 = yes) at Waves 2–7	0.06		0–1
Gang Initiation	Single item asking whether or not participants ever went through a gang initiation at Waves 2–7	0.09		0–1
Family characteristics
Per capita family income	Total household income divided by number of people living in household (divided by 1,000)	5.44	4.04	0–25
Parental monitoring	Six items asked to adolescents about their caretakers monitoring of their whereabouts such as “how often does someone know where you are?” (0 = never, 2 = always)—items summed	2.88	1.86	0–9	.50
Family member in gang	One question asked adolescent respondents whether a family member is in a gang (0 = no, 1 = yes)	0.12		0–1
Caretaker education	One question asked caretakers what their highest level of education is (0 = less than high school, 5 = advanced degree)	2.36	0.83	1–5
School adjustment
Low school adjustment (Crawford, Cheadle, & Whitbeck, 2010)	Thirteen questions asked respondents whether they agree or disagree (0 = agree, 1 = disagree) with statements about school such as “I like school”— items summed	0.89	1.38	0–7	.70
Trouble at school	Two questions asked respondents whether they have “gotten into trouble with classmates at school” and whether they have “gotten in trouble in school” (0 = no to both questions, 1 = yes to one or both questions)	0.62		0–1
Peer relationships
Peer delinquency	Seven questions asked respondents how many of their three best friends (0 = zero friends, 3 = three friends) engage in delinquent behavior such as “getting in trouble in school” and “drink alcohol”— items averaged	0.61	0.57	0–3	.76
Peer gang involvement	One question asked respondents whether they have a friend who is in a gang (0 = no, 1 = yes)	0.10		0–1
Early dating	One question asked respondents whether they had a steady boyfriend/girlfriend (0 = no, 1 = yes)	0.28		0–1
Individual characteristics
Negative life events	Thirteen questions asked respondents whether they had experienced negative life events (0 = no, 1 = yes) in the past 12 months such as “parental divorce/separation” and “moved homes”—items summed	3.64	2.42	0–13	.64
Perceived racial discrimination (Landrine & Klonoff, 1996)	Twelve adapted items asked respondents how often they have perceived discrimination due to their culture (0 = never, 2 = many times) such as “someone yelled a racial slur at you”	9.98	3.08	0–24	.79
Depressive symptoms (CES-D; Radloff, 1977)	Nineteen questions asked respondents how often they experienced symptoms of depression in the past week (0 = none of the time, 3 = most or all of the time)— items summed	10.64	3.49	0–23	.84
Anger (Swaim et al., 1989)	Sixed questions asked respondents how often they feel angry (0 = none of the time, 2 = most of the time) such “quick tempered” and “getting mad”	4.59	2.36	0–12	.76
Hyperactivity/impulsivity (Diagnostic Interview for Children IV; Schaffer et al 2000)	Nine questions asked how often respondents experienced symptoms associated with ADHD (0 = no, 1 = yes) such as interrupting people when they are talking—items summed	4.52	2.73	0–9	.80
Early delinquency
General delinquency (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children IV; Schaffer et al., 2000)	Twenty-eight questions asked respondents whether they have engaged in delinquent behaviors in the past 12 months (0 = no, 1 = yes) such as shoplifting and starting physical fights	2.80	3.50	0–19	.80
Every used tobacco	One question asked whether respondents have ever smoked cigarettes (0 = no, 1=yes)	0.30		0–1
Ever used alcohol	One question asked whether respondents have ever had more than a sip of beer, wine, or liquor (0 = no, 1 = yes)	0.16		0–1
Ever used marijuana	One question asked whether respondents have ever smoked marijuana (0 = no, 1=yes)	0.11		0–1