. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Youth Violence Juv Justice. 2015 May 8;14(4):390–410. doi: 10.1177/1541204015585173

Table 2.

Logistic Regression Models Predicting Gang Involvement (Adjusted for Demographic Characteristics^a)

	Gang Involvement^b	No Gang Involvement vs.
	Gang Involvement^b	Membership^c	Initiation Only^c

	OR	RRR	RRR

*Family Characteristics*
Family member in gang	1.92^†	1.73	2.16
Parent Education	0.77	0.79	0.75
Per capita family income	0.90^**	0.82^**	0.97
Low parental monitoring	1.21^**	1.18^†	1.24^*
*School Adjustment*
Low school bonding	1.13	1.02	1.25^*
Trouble at school	2.36^**	2.97^*	1.18
*Peer Relationships*
Peer delinquency	1.83^**	1.43	2.38^**
Peer gang involvement	2.53^**	2.07	3.11^*
Early dating	1.94^*	1.67	2.34^*
*Individual Characteristics*
Negative life events	1.11^*	1.06	1.19^*
Perceived racial discrimination	1.15^***	1.11^*	1.19^***
Depressive symptoms	1.05^**	1.05^*	1.04^*
Anger	1.07	1.01	1.15^*
Hyperactivity/impulsivity	1.16^**	1.20^**	1.12^†
*Early Delinquency*
General delinquency	1.15^***	1.16^***	1.15^***
Ever used tobacco	4.19^***	4.52^***	3.81^***
Ever used alcohol	4.80^***	3.52^**	6.89^***
Ever used marijuana	3.47^***	1.45	7.48^***
*Cumulative Risk*
Total number of risk factors	1.26^***	1.22^***	1.32^***

Adjusted for gender, age at the start of the study, living in a remote community, and living on/off reservation land

Binary Logistic Regression Models—Each risk factor was run as its own model with demographic controls

Multinomial Logistic Regression Models—Each risk factor was run as its own model with demographic controls (no gang involvement is the reference group)

Note: OR – Odds Ratio; RRR – Relative Risk Ratio

^†

p < .10;

p < .05;

^**

p < .01;

^***

p < .001