Table 1. Demographics and medical histories of Clostridium difficile infections with ribotypes 017 (R017) and 018 (R018).
| No. (%) of patients (N = 510) | ribotype 017 vs. others | ribotype 018 vs. others | ribotype 018 vs. ribotype 017 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ribotype 017 (N = 139) | ribotype 018 (N = 157) | others (N = 214) | simple OR | p value | multiple OR | p value | simple OR | p value | multiple OR | p value | simple OR | p value | multiple OR | p value | |
| Sex (male) N (%) | 74 (53.2) | 58 (36.9) | 90 (42.1) | 1.57 (1.02, 2.41) | 0.04 | 1.03 (0.63, 1.70) | 0.895 | 0.81 (0.53, 1.23) | 0.321 | 0.52 (0.32, 0.82) | 0.005 | 0.54 (0.33, 0.88) | 0.014 | ||
| Age (years) median (1Q, 3Q) | 72 (59,77) | 72 (64,78) | 67 (56,76) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.039 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.695 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.015 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.039 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.72 | ||
| Charlson comorbidity index median(1Q, 3Q) | 3 (1,6) | 3 (1,4.5) | 3 (1,5) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.2) | 0.017 | 1.1 (1, 1.21) | 0.05 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) | 0.558 | 0.91 (0.83, 1.00) | 0.061 | ||||
| Hospital days before inclusion median (1Q, 3Q) | 25 (11,59) | 15 (6.5, 41) | 14.5 (5, 36.3) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.001 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.001 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.309 | 1.00 (0.99, 1) | 0.034 | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.005 | ||
| History of admission within 2 months | 55 (39.6) | 59 (37.6) | 71 (33.2) | 1.32 (0.85, 2.05) | 0.221 | 1.21 (0.79, 1.87) | 0.38 | 0.92 (0.58, 1.47) | 0.726 | ||||||
| Antibiotic use within 2 months | 137 (98.6) | 151 (96.2) | 190 (88.8) | 8.65 (2.01, 37.23) | 0.004 | 3.18 (1.27, 7.98) | 0.014 | 0.37 (0.07, 1.85) | 0.225 | ||||||
| 1st generation cephalosporins | 18 (12.9) | 35 (22.3) | 41 (19.2) | 0.63 (0.34, 1.15) | 0.129 | 1.21 (0.73, 2.01) | 0.46 | 1.93 (1.04, 3.59) | 0.038 | 1.94 (1.01, 3.76) | 0.048 | ||||
| 2nd generation cephalosporins | 25 (18.0) | 32 (20.4) | 37 (17.3) | 1.05 (0.6, 1.84) | 0.867 | 1.23 (0.72, 2.07) | 0.45 | 1.17 (0.65, 2.09) | 0.602 | ||||||
| 3rd generation cephalosporins | 52 (37.4) | 70 (44.6) | 85 (39.7) | 0.91 (0.59, 1.41) | 0.664 | 1.22 (0.81, 1.85) | 0.348 | 1.35 (0.85, 2.15) | 0.211 | ||||||
| 4th generation cephalosporins | 24 (17.3) | 19 (12.1) | 18 (8.4) | 2.27 (1.18, 4.37) | 0.014 | 1.14 (0.53, 2.48) | 0.741 | 1.50 (0.76, 2.96) | 0.243 | 0.66 (0.34, 1.27) | 0.21 | ||||
| BL/BLI | 44 (31.7) | 47 (29.9) | 65 (30.4) | 1.06 (0.67, 1.68) | 0.799 | 0.98 (0.63, 1.53) | 0.928 | 0.92 (0.56, 1.51) | 0.749 | ||||||
| Glycopeptide | 38 (27.3) | 35 (22.3) | 38 (17.8) | 1.74 (1.04, 2.91) | 0.033 | 0.90 (0.48, 1.68) | 0.734 | 1.33 (0.80, 2.22) | 0.278 | 0.76 (0.45, 1.30) | 0.316 | ||||
| 2nd quinolonesa | 35 (25.2) | 34 (21.7) | 45 (21.0) | 1.26 (0.76, 2.09) | 0.363 | 1.04 (0.63, 1.72) | 0.884 | 0.82 (0.48, 1.41) | 0.475 | ||||||
| 3rd quinolonesb | 50 (36.0) | 38 (24.2) | 37 (17.3) | 2.69 (1.64, 4.41) | <0.001 | 1.76 (0.92, 3.36) | 0.089 | 1.53 (0.92, 2.54) | 0.103 | 0.57 (0.64, 0.94) | 0.028 | 0.82 (0.43, 1.56) | 0.544 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 17 (12.2) | 17 (0.8) | 18 (8.4) | 1.52 (0.75, 3.06) | 0.243 | 1.32 (0.66, 2.66) | 0.432 | 0.87 (0.43, 1.78) | 0.706 | ||||||
| Clindamycin | 33 (23.7) | 23 (14.6) | 19 (8.9) | 3.20 (1.73, 5.89) | <0.001 | 2.36 (1.07, 5.21) | 0.034 | 1.76 (0.92, 3.36) | 0.086 | 0.55 (0.31, 1.00) | 0.048 | 0.71 (0.33, 1.51) | 0.371 | ||
| Metronidazole | 29 (20.9) | 49 (31.2) | 38 (17.8) | 1.22 (0.71, 2.09) | 0.468 | 2.10 (1.29, 3.42) | 0.003 | 1.73 (1.04, 2.87) | 0.035 | 1.72 (1.01, 2.93) | 0.045 | 1.81 (1.03, 3.21) | 0.041 | ||
| Carbapenem | 28 (20.1) | 22 (14.0) | 18 (8.4) | 2.75 (1.45, 5.19) | 0.002 | 2.26 (1.09, 4.67) | 0.028 | 1.77 (0.92, 3.44) | 0.089 | 0.65 (0.35, 1.19) | 0.162 | ||||
| Macrolide | 7 (5.0) | 7 (4.5) | 6 (2.8) | 1.84 (0.61, 5.59) | 0.283 | 1.62 (0.53, 4.91) | 0.396 | 0.88 (0.30, 2.57) | 0.815 | ||||||
| Rifampin | 22 (15.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (2.3) | 7.86 (2.9, 21.30) | <0.001 | 10.00 (3.47, 28.80) | <0.001 | 0.076* | <0.001* | ||||||
| Steroid | 41 (29.5) | 53 (33.8) | 54 (25.2) | 1.24 (0.77, 2.00) | 0.378 | 1.51 (0.96, 2.37) | 0.074 | 1.22 (0.75, 1.99) | 0.432 | ||||||
| Chemotherapy | 19 (13.7) | 22 (14.0) | 22 (10.3) | 1.38 (0.72, 2.66) | 0.333 | 1.42 (0.76, 2.67) | 0.274 | 1.03 (0.53, 1.99) | 0.932 | ||||||
| Immunosuppresants | 6 (4.3) | 5 (3.2) | 12 (5.6) | 0.76 (0.28, 2.07) | 0.591 | 0.55 (0.19, 1.61) | 0.276 | 0.73 (0.22, 2.44) | 0.609 | ||||||
| PPI use | 49 (35.3) | 73 (46.5) | 71 (33.2) | 1.10 (0.7, 1.72) | 0.688 | 1.75 (1.15, 2.67) | 0.01 | 1.61 (1.04, 2.49) | 0.034 | 1.60 (1.00, 2.55) | 0.05 | 1.88 (1.12, 3.16) | 0.017 | ||
* p value by Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test
BL/BLI, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor; PPI, proton pump inhibitor
a2nd quinolones include ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, lomefloxacin and enoxacin, but mostly ciprofloxacin in this study.
b3rd quinolones include levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin.