Table I.

Pharmacokinetics changes of anti-infectives in critically ill children compared to non-critically ill children or adults.

			PK changes relative to non-critically ill children or adults
Drugs	Sample size	Age (range)	Clearance	Volume of Distribution	References
Aminoglycosides
Amikacin	70–200a	1 week – 17 years	↑	↑	[104,105]
Gentamicin	33–644a	0–20.59 months	↔	↑	[106–108,112– 114]
Netilmicin	200	26.4–41 weeks GA	↔	↑	[116–119]
Tobramycin	1	4 months	↑		[138]
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
Cefotaxime	37	0.67–199 days	↔	↑	[121–124]
Imipenem	19	0.02–19 years	↔	↔	[125–127]
Meropenem	287	0–18 years	↔	↑	[99]
	1	8 months		↑	[130]
Piperacillin	13	9 months– 6 years	↔	↔	[130,131]
Ticarcillin	3	6–16 years	↔	↔	[100,132]
Others
Daptomycin	1	13 years old	↑	↔	[123]
Teicoplanin	21	7 days–12 years	↔	↔	[143,144]
Vancomycin	20–22a	1 months – 16 years	↔	↑	[136,137,139]
	12	37–42 weeks GA	↓	↑	[84,140,141]
	1	4 months	↑		[138]
Antifungals
Fluconazole	8	6–59 days	↔	↔	[147,148]
	40	1 day –17 years	↔	↑	[149]
Voriconazole	1	17 years	↑	↓	[151]
Antivirals
Acyclovir	16	27–40 weeks GA and 1–56 days PNA	↔	↔	[152,153]

Age is expressed as postnatal age unless otherwise stated and GA is the gestational age expressed in weeks

Abbreviations: NA, not available; ↑, increased compared to weight-normalized parameters in non-critically ill children or adults; ↓, decreased compared to weight-normalized parameters in non-critically children or adults; ↔, no change compared to weight-normalized parameters in non-critically children or adults

^arange across multiple studies