. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Pharm Res. 2016 Sep 1;34(1):7–24. doi: 10.1007/s11095-016-2033-y

Table II.

Pharmacokinetics changes of non-anti-infectives in critically ill children compared to non-critically ill children or adults.

			PK changes relative to non-critically ill children or adults
Drugs	Sample size	Age (range)	Clearance	Volume of Distribution	References
*Analgesics*
Fentanyl	7	27–39 weeks GA	↔^*	↑	[158]
*Anticonvulsants*
Lorazepam	10	37–41 weeks GA	↓	↓	[168,169]
*Gastric acid suppressants*
Ranitidine	9–27^a	1 day–17.1 years^a	↔^*	↔^*	[170–174]
Omeprazole	13–40^a	1month–19 years^a	↔^*	↔^*	[175–177]
*Sedatives*
Midazolam	39–83^a	1 month–17 years^a	↓	↔	[179,183]
Propofol	28	0.1–182 months	↔	↔	[184]
Propofol	21	1 week–12 years	↓	↑	[188]
*Vasopressors*
Dobutamine	11–47^a	0.1–17 years	↔^*	↑	[191–193,197,198]
Dopamine	14, 11^a	27–42 weeks^a GA	↑	↔	[200,201]
Epinephrine	6–39^a	0.1–16 years^a	↓	↔	[203,204]
Norepinephrine	38	0–182 months	↔	↔	[205]

Abbreviations: NA, not available; ↑, increased compared to weight-normalized parameters in non-critically ill children or adults; ↓, decreased compared to weight-normalized parameters in non-critically children or adults; ↔, no change compared to weight-normalized parameters in non-critically children or adults

range across multiple studies

Highly variable parameter within the population

Age is expressed as postnatal age unless otherwise stated and GA is the gestational age expressed in weeks