. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jan;129(1):91–100. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001810

Table 1.

Maternal deaths and maternal mortality ratios per 100,000 live births (MMR) by age, race and place of death, United States, 1993 and 2014.

Determinant	1993			2014			Rate ratio 2014 vs 1993	95% confidence interval	P value
Determinant	Deaths	Live births	MMR/Proportion^†	Deaths	Live births	MMR/Proportion^†	Rate ratio 2014 vs 1993	95% confidence interval	P value
Maternal deaths not including late maternal deaths^*
Age <25 years	84	1,551,774	5.41	125	1,134,414	11.0	2.04	1.54–2.68	<0.001
25–34	136	2,030,013	6.70	295	2,226,450	13.2	1.98	1.61–2.42	<0.001
35–44	82	416,124	19.7	264	618,769	42.7	2.17	1.69–2.77	<0.001
≥45	0	2,329	0.00	171	8,443	2025.3	-	-	0.001
Race: White	152	3,149,833	4.83	520	3,019,863	17.2	3.57	2.98–4.28	<0.001
African American	135	658,875	20.5	291	640,562	45.4	2.21	1.81–2.72	<0.001
Other	15	191,532	7.83	45	327,651	13.7	1.75	0.98–3.15	0.06
Place of death: Inpatient	202	-	66.9	530	-	61.9	0.93	0.84–1.02	0.15
Outpatient/ER	55	-	18.2	140	-	16.4	0.90	0.68–1.19	0.48
Home	30	-	9.93	128	-	15.0	1.51	1.03–2.19	0.03
Hospice	0	-	0.00	24	-	2.8	-	-	0.05
Other	14	-	4.64	34	-	4.0	0.86	0.47–1.57	0.24

Total	302	4,000,240	7.55	856	3,988,076	21.5	2.84	2.49–3.24	<0.001

Late maternal deaths identified by ICD-10 codes O96 and O97 not included among maternal deaths.

^†

Age- and race-specific maternal mortality ratios expressed per 100,000 live births; rates by place of death expressed as a proportion of all maternal deaths.