Fig. 1.

Non-spatial model. Evolution of the R allele frequency (a), the L allele frequency (b), and the change in the relative population size over time (c). The model has a release ratio of d=20, and a strong partially dominant incomplete resistance (${\gamma }_{\mathit{SR}}=0.2$, ${\gamma }_{\mathit{RR}}=0.1$) with no associated costs (${\psi }_{\mathit{SR}}={\psi }_{\mathit{RR}}=1$). The spread of resistance leads to fixation of the lethal construct, and reduces the effectiveness of population control.