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. 2016 Dec 22;10:106. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00106

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Copyright © 2016 Sabharwal, Seilheimer, Cowan and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) spikes are used to determine space-time receptive fields (RFs) and functional properties. (A) White noise checkerboards were presented for 90 min (166 s trials, 33 presentations). Sample analysis for one experiment is shown: peri-spike stimuli were found and averaged to generate a spike-triggered average (STA). The bottom left panel shows the STA for an example OFF cell. Whole field light steps are presented for 4 min (4 s light offset, 4 s light onset, 30 presentations). Firing rates were averaged across the 30 trials to generate a trace as shown at the bottom right. This is an example of an OFF-transient GC. (B) Simplified circuit diagram to illustrate which circuits are inactivated with L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4). The ON-bipolar cell (BC) contributes the major input to ON-GCs but also provides crossover input to the OFF pathway via feedback to OFF-BCs and feedforward to OFF-GCs (highlighted pathway). Addition of L-AP4 blocks all ON pathway signaling.