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. 2016 Dec 22;6:39302. doi: 10.1038/srep39302

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) Real-time gene expression analysis of TGF-β1 in micromass cultures of MSCs after culture for 3 days in maintenance medium (control) or with ES (ES); Data are presented as means ± S.D. and differences were identified using Students t-test, **p < 0.01 (b) Effects of SB-431542 (SB) on ES-driven MSC condensation; MSCs in micromass culture were examined using phase contrast images after 3 days culture in maintenance medium (control), with ES (ES), or with ES plus SB-431542 (ES + SB); Scale bars, 500 μm. (c) Effects of SB on ES-induced enhancement of type II collagen (COL2A1), aggrecan (AGC), and Sox9 expression; After 3 days culture in micromass cultures without treatment (control), with ES (ES), or with ES plus SB-431542 (ES + SB), gene expression was analyzed in MSCs using real-time PCR. Data are presented as means ± S.D. Differences were identified using ANOVA; **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.