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. 2016 Dec 22;6:39302. doi: 10.1038/srep39302

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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ES drives ATP/Ca²⁺ oscillations, leading to MSC condensation through TGF-β signaling and P2X₄ signaling, and subsequently induces chondrogenesis through TGF-β signaling, BMP signaling and P2X₄ signaling.