Table 1. Localization and potential roles of extra-hypothalamic kisspeptin.

Brain area/Organ	Species	Potential roles of kisspeptin
Limbic system	Rats [64, 94] and mice [59, 94]	Mediator of olfactory function [97]
		Control of LH secretion [98, 99]
Hippocampus	Rats [95, 96]	Cognition and epilepsy [96]
Ovary	Rats [100−103] and mice [104]	Corpus luteum formation and progesterone production [101]
		Follicular development [102]
		Ovarian aging [103, 104]
Testis	Mice [106] and humans [107]	Sperm motility and hyperactivation [107]
Uteri	Mice [111]	Implantation [105]
Placenta	Rats [37] and humans [35, 36, 108, 109]	Implantation [37]

Reference numbers are shown in square brackets.