. 2016 Dec 1;19(6):485–494. doi: 10.1089/rej.2015.1791

Table 1.

Neuropsychological Assessment at Baseline and Three Follow-Up Phases by Group

	Groups
Instrument	Healthy	MCI	AD	Description
MMSE³⁰	^*	^*	^*	Assessment of global cognitive abilities Score range: 0–30
Supra-span of Corsi³¹	N.A.	^*	^*	Assessment of orientation and spatial attention Cut-off point: 3.50
Backward and forward span³²	^*	^*	^*	Assessment of span of immediate verbal recall and working memory Cut-off point: 3.75
List of words³³	^*	N.A.	N.A.	Assessment of memory and learning processes of a list of words Score range: 0–12
Prose memory test³⁴	N.A.	^*	^*	Assessment of the long-term memory on immediate recall Score range: 0–16 Cut-off point = 4.75
Word pairing learning test³⁵	N.A.	^*	^*	Assessment of verbal memory and learning of word pairs Score range: 0–22.5 Cut-off point: 8.73
Attentive matrices³⁴	^*	^*	^*	Assessment of selective and the sustained attention Score range: 0–60 Cut-off point: 31
Semantic word fluency test³⁶	N.A.	^*	^*	Assessment of lexical access and semantic fluency. Subjects are required to say words for a specific category (for example, fruits, animals) Cut-off point: 25
Phonemic word fluency test³⁶	^*	^*	^*	Assessment of lexical access and phonemic fluency. Subjects are required to produce words beginning with a particular letter of the alphabet. Cut-off point: 17.35
ADAS³⁷	N.A.	N.A.	^*	Assessment of cognitive decline in dementia. It consists of 12 sub-tests for evaluation of memory, orientation, language, praxis, attention, and concentration. They are divided as following: word recall task, naming objects and fingers, commands, constructional praxis, ideational praxis, orientation, word recognition task, language, comprehension of spoken language, word-finding difficulty, and remembering test instructions. Score range: 0–70
Clinical Dementia Rating Scale³⁸	N.A.	^*	^*	Assessment of overall dementia severity Score range: 0–5
GDS-30³⁹	^*	^*	^*	Assessment of mood status and depression Score range: 0–30 Cut-off point: 10
PSS⁴⁰	^*	^*	N.A.	Assessment of perceived psychological stress. It comprises 14 items and its questions asked about feelings and thoughts during the last month. Score range: 0–56 Scores above mean indicated high stress level.
ADL⁴¹	^*	^*	^*	Assessment of functional status of basic activities of daily living Score range: 0–6
IADL⁴²	^*	^*	^*	Assessment of functional status of IADL Score range: 0–8
MAC-Q⁴³	^*	^*	N.A.	Assessment of daily activities and overall memory functioning comparing the present moment with the past. It was designed to assess subjective memory complaints. Score range: 7–35 Cut-off point: 25
Questionnaire of confidence³³	^*	N.A.	N.A.	Assessment of subjective confidence in own cognition and memory Score range: 5–15

A decrease of the scores of ADAS, perceived stress scale, and MAC-Q scales represent an improvement of performance in the relevant area of assessment.

^{^*}

Instrument administered to this group.

AD, Alzheimer's disease; ADAS, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MAC-Q, Memory Assessment Complain Questionnaire; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; N.A., not applicable (not administered to this group); PSS, Perceived Stress Scale.